its hard to say because everything else already exist unless there is a front end that makes it out there with ton of hype, meme type hype or a game , but there are other things that makes it a very niche and close ecosystem that might need more adaptation to the overall crypto world, idk this is just a thought, Im no expert and dont pretend to be one but its what I can tell from my short time on
increased adoption in web3 social could be key, but from what i've seen in markets, ai integration and mining efficiency boosts are driving traction - like hive digital's recent bitcoin jumps and analyst targets up to $8. macro crypto bull run helps too
yeah ai integration's the real catalyst - hive's stock dipped but bounced to $5.02 amid ai data center hype, analysts eyeing $8. web3 social on top could spark that eth-style defi wave in a bull market
looks cool, very minimalistic, would be cool if the holding numers would be life, the green sphere with the two arrows is covering part of the text in case want to chnage it
The TTSLA presale has less than 48 hours left in it
I will keep buying as much as I can get my hands on before it ends
Also, I'm leaving all of mine set to autocompound for more TTSLA every day with the yield I earn. All the yield will drive in more TTSLA to my wallet on a daily basis
This means more exposure to the future that Tesla is building
80% of the portfolio was lost this month
A year of work wiped out by a few bad decisions
How have others recovered after this?
Not asking for pity, feeling completely lost and trying to figure out what to do next
Stick to Bitcoin and keep leverage minimal, or avoid leverage entirely. That reduces the risk of losing 80% of capital in mass liquidation events. Many people go through the pain of losing money.
Some will again take leveraged positions in shitcoins over the next few months. BITCOIN ONLY
absolutely - bitcoin's network effects just keep compounding, making it more resilient than ever
in my experience, that's the ultimate edge over volatile alts
bitcoin's design is genius - decentralized, fixed supply, proof-of-work securing it all
execution's been flawless through every bear market, proving why it's king
January 2026 binge drop....and he does have powers, crazy my man is not even close to the WM he is trying to make LOL
#skiptvads, #moviesonleo, #wonderman, #mcu
Never had the time to watch "THE HAUNTING OF HILL HOUSE (2018)" so its starts tonight, will try to binge in a couple of days, its 10 episodes mini series but the ratting 8.5 on IMDB and 90% on RTT 🚀 🚀🚀 will try to do 2 episodes before bed 😈 👹
#skiptvads, #horror, #netflix, #miniseries
#moviesonleo #television #review While not among the best, this episode of The Wire still delivers high quality depiction of Baltimore's dysfunctionality. (link in reply)
A story about how LeoStrategy tokenized hundreds of RWAs. Put them onchain, collateralized by LEO and is using all of the profits to continually purchase more LEO every day
The LEO economy is worth $1B at the time
The LeoStrategy stack is creating tens of millions in yearly profits. LeoStrategy owns 15M LEO and that LEO is worth $500M
Today, LEO is worth about $3.3M. LeoStrategy holds nearly 3.8M LEO. The LEO is worth ~$450k
Now fill in the middle. We build this together as a community
A marksman fires bullets at a wall, then paints a target around the tightest cluster of bullet holes. The person chooses the story first, then pulls the evidence to confirm it.
Feeding wildlife in national parks is illegal because animals become dependent on handouts and lose the ability or willingness to provide for themselves
This has nothing to do with anything happening right now
Close the VBA editor by clicking the X or pressing Alt + Q. Back in Excel, click on different cells: you should see the entire row automatically color. Make sure macros are enabled (File > Options > Trust Center > Macro Settings).
The Haunting of Hill House (2018), Episode 2, drags a bit, I think Im going to need some patience with this one since the series at first is trying to focus hard on grief rather than to figure out wtf is going on at that house
Honestly... I have no clue.
I've spent yesterday and again today, with shutting down for how I'm doing. Will get back on track tonight or tomorrow though 😄
Hope all is good with you, friend!
For all the times they could have — and perhaps even wanted to — but didn't, that self-restraint deserves honour, because they didn't follow what always felt good but chose what was right and necessary
They chose themselves even when it felt like deprivation, and by honouring that choice they've become beautiful. Against all odds, they're a winner — not "normal," and that's remarkable
Yeah and it happened multiple times even in the previous cycle. The real hodlers aren't panicking, it's the leverage traders that are the ones making a noise because of their poor decisions made that causes them to be wrecked in this bearish period of the cycle.
over $2B liquidated in 24h on Nov 3, with BTC dipping below $100K and ETH hitting 4-month low at ~$3.4K - echoes 2022 crashes where leverage longs got crushed multiple times
This is for helping out family.
My health doesn't allow me to work too much, I'm popping painkillers to just function on a decent level. That alao means that when doing physical work, it takes much longer for me than it would for others
Sorry to hear about your health condition and the challenges to keep along with others. We are almost the same, I don't do much physical work because of a persistent back pain that has refused to go for over 6 months now. Being using antibiotics for treatment, it goes for some period and come back again. I am planning on seeing a doctor tomorrow morning.
I hope for you that you won’t be like me.
My back pain has been constant for over 20 years (and I'm only 36). Arthritis symptoms and high probability of blood clots caused by autoimmune inflammatory diseases (3 of them, at least)
Aw, you must have suffered a lot for all that years, and there is still no permanent cure up till now. I am so sorry to know about your struggles. I hope everything will be fine some days in the near future.
That might be why.
If you open a new tab via the browser functionality, it most likely will ask you to log in again in the new tab.
Sometimes if you right click (not on phone) you see a Leo version of "open in new tab". That should help 😃
leverage trading lets you borrow funds from the exchange to control bigger positions - like 10x means $1k controls $10k worth. you're basically betting against the exchange as counterparty, but they often hedge by matching with opposite trades from other users. high risk of liquidation if it goes wrong - learned that firsthand
absolutely, the emotional rollercoaster is brutal - one bad move and you're liquidated. key is starting small and having a solid exit strategy. learned that after a few wipeouts myself
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The Forgotten Battlestorm: Unveiling the Real Operation Crusader
The North African Campaign during World War II is rife with legendary battles and strategic turns, yet some moments of significance remain obscured or overshadowed. One such episode is the Battlestorm—an often overlooked confrontation—marking the first victory for the British and their allies against Erwin Rommel’s formidable German forces, despite the chaos and contradictions that surrounded it. This article delves into the complexities of this pivotal yet forgotten battle, its context within the broader war, and the strategic decisions that shaped its outcome.
The Early Struggles in North Africa: A Prelude to Battlestorm
Italy's entry into WWII in 1940 saw its invasion of Egypt, aiming to expand its North African holdings. Following initial advances, the British counterattacked during Operation Compass, quickly dismantling the Italian 10th Army. Fearing the loss of Libya, Hitler dispatched reinforcements—most notably, Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps—who rapidly repaid the British aggressors with their own offensive successes.
Rommel’s swift victory in his first desert offensive demonstrated his tactical brilliance, yet he failed to seize the port of Tobruk, which remained under siege. The British attempted twice to break the siege in operations Brevity and Battleaxe, with Battleaxe—launched in June 1941—marking Rommel’s first real test as a corps commander. Despite initial victories, Rommel’s forces could not breach Tobruk, exposing the critical supply issues faced by the Axis.
Battleaxe: The Debut of Rommel as a Corps Commander
Battleaxe is often erroneously viewed as Rommel’s first serious engagement, yet it was a decisive test of his leadership and tactical acumen. The British, under General Wavell, pressed the attack with significant force, and Rommel’s defensive maneuvers showcased his growing expertise. The battle proved him more than just a glorified opportunist; it cemented his reputation as a master of desert warfare.
Interestingly, following the victory at Battleaxe, there was a British joke suggesting Hitler had offered to remove Rommel from command if Churchill kept his generals intact—highlighting Rommel’s rising prominence. But within days, the international focus shifted dramatically with the onset of Operation Barbarossa—the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union—which quickly overshadowed North African battles.
The Shift in Focus: Barbarossa and Strategic Repercussions
Operation Barbarossa, the largest amphibious assault in history, diverted attention from North Africa, as the Axis rapidly redirected resources to fight on the Eastern Front. Its success necessitated a strategic rethink by Britain, which feared the collapse of the Soviet Union could open up new fronts—driving Axis forces into the Middle East and threatening vital oil fields and regional stability.
Britain responded by shifting its strategic priorities, attempting to contain Axis expansion through the Iran campaign—Operation Countenance—and bolstering control of the Middle East. This pivot aimed to secure oil supplies, prevent Iran’s defection to the Axis, and ultimately prepare for a renewed push into North Africa when conditions permitted.
The Strategic Canvas of the Middle East and North Africa
The new focus on the Middle East laid the groundwork for future campaigns, including the Battle of El Alamein, Torch landings in Tunisia, and the invasion of Italy. These efforts would build the experience necessary for the Normandy landings and eventual Allied victory in Europe. Notably, the strategic decision to prioritize North Africa became a double-edged sword for the Axis, forcing them into an increasingly defensive posture.
Rommel, recognizing his limited troop numbers—only three divisions—understood that a victory depended heavily on supply lines and reinforcements. The failure to capture Tobruk, a key port, proved disastrous for Axis logistics and morale, preventing further advances into Egypt and beyond. Some historians speculate that if Rommel had received just one additional panzer division, the campaign could have tipped in Axis favor, potentially threatening the Suez Canal and Mediterranean dominance.
However, logistical constraints ultimately doomed this hope—supply was the Achilles' heel of Axis operations in North Africa. Without the port of Tobruk, Rommel’s force couldn’t be properly resupplied or reinforced, limiting their operational reach.
In July 1941, Sir Claude Auchinleck replaced Wavell as Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East. Despite widespread praise for Wavell’s leadership—who had achieved significant victories in East Africa and elsewhere—Churchill believed Wavell’s efforts needed to be renewed with fresh leadership. Yet, Wavell’s record of major victories made his ousting controversial; many argue it was driven more by political pressure than military failure.
Churchill’s dissatisfaction was rooted in his impatience and desire for aggressive action. He pressed Auchinleck to launch an offensive in the desert with insufficient resources and without full preparations—an approach that would ultimately hinder British efforts. Auchinleck, meanwhile, insisted on strategic patience, emphasizing the need to secure Syria, Iraq, and build up armor before engaging Rommel.
The clash of personalities between Churchill and Auchinleck highlighted a recurring theme: the tension between political ambitions and military realities. Churchill’s insistence on early action, despite the inadequate preparations, reflected his focus on grand strategy over operational prudence—a pattern that would recur throughout the campaign.
Auchinleck’s insistence on waiting until November to execute Operation Crusader stemmed from his assessment of the need for proper training, logistical buildup, and cooperation among fuel, tanks, infantry, and air support. Austin’s commitment to not launching premature offensives demonstrated his strategic caution, contrasting with Churchill’s relentless push for immediacy.
Churchill’s belief that tanks could be swiftly delivered and deployed in desert combat was overly optimistic. Many tanks required modifications to endure the harsh conditions, and receiving only half the promised numbers delayed offensive plans. Churchill’s frustration culminated in suggestions he visit Britain for consultations, but Auchinleck refused to alter his timeline—establishing a clear conflict between political pressure and military assessment.
The ensuing months saw a series of political and military disagreements, with Churchill often overruling or second-guessing the field commanders. Ultimately, Auchinleck maintained his stance, emphasizing that victory depended on securing the broader strategic situation—consolidating control of Syria, Iraq, and the Middle East infrastructure—before engaging Rommel with adequate force.
This patience would set the stage for the eventual success of Operation Crusader, which, despite the chaos and initial setbacks, resulted in the first British victory in the Desert War—an often overlooked but crucial turning point.
The Battlestorm, the real Operation Crusader, symbolizes more than just a military engagement; it encapsulates the interplay of strategy, leadership, logistical constraints, and political interference. Its complex history highlights how strategic victories can often be overshadowed by political decisions or forgotten amid larger campaigns like Barbarossa.
Understanding this battle’s intricacies reveals why it remains a significant yet underappreciated part of WWII. It was a moment where bold decision-making, despite contradictions and chaos, led to a critical victory—one that set the course for future Allied success in North Africa and beyond.
Stay tuned for upcoming episodes exploring more facets of Operation Crusader, the commanders involved, and the lessons learned from this pivotal campaign.
Last week’s focus on the North African Campaign highlighted the intense strategic pressures faced by the British forces, particularly under the leadership of Winston Churchill and Leon Auchinleck. Churchill pushed for an early start to Operation Crusader, aiming to regain ground from the advancing Axis powers, notably under the command of Erwin Rommel. However, the question remains: Were the British Army genuinely ready for such an ambitious offensive in late 1941? Did they possess the necessary tanks, men, and effective command structures? This article explores the state of British forces prior to Crusader, analyzing military organization, troop strength, equipment, and doctrinal shortcomings that informed the campaign's early phases.
The Reorganization of British Forces in North Africa
During the early war years, British forces were organized under the Western Desert Force, led initially by General Wavell. By 1941, under Auchinleck’s command, this force was renamed the 13th Corps, reflecting a formalization of its structure and the expansion of its capabilities. Following the success of the Battleaxe operation, Britain bolstered its presence in the Middle East through additional tanks and troops, establishing a second corps, the 30 Corps—a precursor to the later famous 79th Armoured Division.
This expansion necessitated the creation of a unified command, leading to the establishment of the 8th Army — a formidable but complex force structure comprising two main corps: the 13th and 30th Corps. Each was responsible for different sectors, with 30 Corps more heavily focused on armored units and 13th Corps primarily infantry. Over this period, Britain aimed to prepare for a large-scale armored clash, but significant deficiencies and organizational issues persisted.
Leadership in the Desert: Commanders and Their Limitations
Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham and the 8th Army
Auchinleck appointed Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham to command the 8th Army. Cunningham, a seasoned artilleryman, had accomplished notable victories in East Africa, notably defeating Italian forces in Abyssinia and Somaliland. His record was characterized by charm and a certain level of success, but contemporaries and historians suggest he was somewhat out of his depth in the North African desert and unfamiliar with tank warfare.
Cunningham’s experience was mostly with infantry and artillery operations in East Africa—terrain markedly different from the open deserts of North Africa. His brief tenure in East Africa had seen him improvise with limited resources and under tough conditions, but the professional requirements of armored warfare and desert tactics were largely unfamiliar to him. The rapid expansion of forces during this period further complicated his command, as most troops were inexperienced and still in training.
13th Corps was commanded by Lieutenant-General Alfred Godwin-Austen, an infantry veteran who had fought in Somaliland and East Africa. Churchill’s dissatisfaction with his earlier military decisions in Somaliland cast a shadow over his reputation, despite Wavell’s defense. Godwin-Austen lacked experience with tanks and mechanized warfare, which was becoming increasingly critical in North Africa.
30 Corps was led initially by General Vyvyan Pope, an expert in armored tactics but was tragically killed in an air crash shortly before Crusader. His successor, Lieutenant-General Charles Norrie, was a cavalry officer with no combat experience specific to desert warfare or tanks. Norrie was considered more of a "gentleman" than a battlefield tactician, and his leadership would face scrutiny in the subsequent battles.
The Staff and Other Key Personnel
While some generals like Brigadier Galloway offered technical knowledge, personality clashes and inexperience at high command hampered effectiveness. The lack of experienced tank officers at the strategic and operational levels undermined the British efforts, especially against a well-led and experienced Axis armored force.
The Critical Role of Percy Hobart and Tank Doctrine
Recognizing their deficiencies, Auchinleck and Cunningham turned to Brigadier Percy Hobart, a pioneering figure in armored warfare. Hobart, known for developing innovative tanks later called Hobart’s Funnies, had been an early proponent of modern mechanized tactics. His advocacy emphasized combined arms, integrating infantry, artillery, tanks, and air support—contrary to prevalent British doctrine.
However, Hobart’s ideas were controversial. He believed tanks could win battles on their own, often advocating for a more aggressive, mechanized approach, but he also clashed with traditionalists and suffered from a reputation for impatience and radical views. The British, especially in North Africa, adopted a split approach to tanks and infantry, keeping them as separate units—an organizational flaw that would undermine their combat effectiveness during Crusader.
The British strategy involved dividing tanks into distinct "infantry" and "cruiser" categories. The Matilda II—a heavily armored but slow infantry tank—was still in use, but its obsolescence in a fast-moving desert clash was clear. The Valentine tank, faster but lighter, was similarly an intermediate design, not suited for either assault or exploitation roles.
The Cruiser tanks, including the Crusader, were relatively fast but mechanically unreliable and lightly armored. They lacked the firepower to confidently confront German Panzer III or IV tanks. Furthermore, the British failed to adequately integrate anti-tank weapons or ensure tanks supported infantry—not the other way around—exposing themselves to German anti-tank guns like the formidable 88mm Flak guns.
Matilda II (Infantry Tank): Heavily armored but slow, vulnerable to German anti-tank guns.
Valentine Tank: Faster but too lightly armored for main assaults or reconnaissance.
Crusader Tank: Fast and maneuverable but mechanically unreliable, with vulnerable armor and firepower.
M3 Light Tank: Received as aid from the United States, these were lightly armed and not well-suited for desert combat, being used primarily due to shortages rather than tactical suitability.
The British artillery—primarily the 25-pounder field gun—was effective in open desert conditions, but limited by its non-self-propelled nature, requiring slow setup and vulnerable to German counter-battery fire.
Key German anti-tank weapons, such as the 50mm Pak 38 and 88mm Flak guns, could outperform British equipment at range, forcing British tanks into close-quarters combat, where they were at a disadvantage. The 2-pounder anti-tank gun, the British mainstay at the time, had a limited effective range and was largely obsolete against newer German tanks.
Communication and Logistics
British radio communications were hampered by economic cutbacks, resulting in shortages of functioning sets and poor range. This caused significant issues with command and control, often leaving units isolated. Logistics were also strained, with inadequate repair and recovery capabilities leading to higher tank and vehicle losses.
Despite having some numerical superiority—roughly 180 more tanks than the Axis—the British were hampered by outdated doctrines, poor force organization, and equipment limitations. Their leadership lacked desert and armor-specific experience, and their reliance on principles developed during World War I proved inadequate for the mobile desert warfare.
Additionally, the high morale and aggressive attitude of the British troops were hampered by the lack of effective tactics. Auchinleck and Cunningham’s force, despite their enthusiasm, struggled with coordination, and their inability to adapt to the German emphasis on combined arms and maneuver warfare led to disadvantages on the battlefield.
Conclusion: Are the British Army Truly Ready for Crusader?
In summary, Britain’s preparations for Operation Crusader in late 1941 were a mixture of logistical effort and organizational shortcomings. They had a numerical advantage in tanks but severely lacked in experienced leadership, modern doctrine, and equipment suited for desert combat. Their tanks were undergunned, mechanically unreliable, and poorly integrated with infantry and artillery.
Churchill’s push for an early start was driven more by political and strategic pressure than by realistic assessment of readiness. Despite high morale, the British forces entered the campaign imperfectly equipped and insufficiently prepared to match Rommel’s experienced and tactically astute German Panzer divisions.
The upcoming battles would serve as a stark reminder of the importance of proper force structuring, effective leadership, and integrated combined arms tactics in modern mechanized warfare. As we look forward to the next analysis, the question remains: Would these deficiencies be enough to cost the British a crucial victory in North Africa? The next chapter promises insights into their battle plan and the role of international intelligence—including hints that even the United States, not yet officially involved in the war, was indirectly feeding information to the Axis.
The Lead-Up to Operation Crusader: An Inside Look at the UK’s Desert Offensive
Last week’s assessment of the British Eighth Army revealed significant shortcomings: outdated equipment, antiquated doctrines, and leadership that perhaps wasn’t best suited for the desert warfare ahead. Paradoxically, it was these very leaders—none of whom were tank specialists—who devised the plan for what would become Operation Crusader, a crucial offensive in North Africa. This ambitious plan hinged on tank battles, despite a lack of tank expertise among the strategists.
Espionage and Intelligence Warfare: The Germans and Italians Strike
The complex web of espionage played a key role in shaping the battle. In September 1941, Italian General Cesare Amè, head of Italy’s military intelligence service (SIM), infiltrated the American embassy in Rome, gaining access to the “Black Code,” a highly secret American encryption system. By hacking this code, the Italians could intercept US diplomatic messages from Cairo, giving them a strategic upper hand with the Germans. This intelligence allowed the Axis to gauge Allied plans and maneuver accordingly.
American Colonel Bonner Fellers in Cairo, meanwhile, was transmitting detailed—though often negative—reports on British activities, which Rommel, the renowned German field marshal, eagerly used to his advantage. Fellers’ messages were considered a valuable, though risky, source for Axis commanders. It wasn’t until June 1942 that British intelligence managed to neutralize this threat, eliminating this crucial source of Axis insight.
Meanwhile, British intelligence efforts were also active, notably a clandestine agent known as the “Gauleiter of Mannheim,” who parachuted into Palestine. Although some details of his capture by a Palestinian farmer may be exaggerated, the fact remains that British agents successfully fed false information to the Germans. This deception suggested that British forces were preparing to strike in the Caucasus, diverting Rommel’s focus away from North Africa. Believing this ruse, Rommel dismissed evidence of British railway expansions near Mersa Matruh, making him less alert to British movements.
The Challenges of Desert Warfare and Intelligence Limitations
Both sides faced immense difficulties navigating the barren, featureless terrain of the North African desert. Sandstorms and the landscape itself hampered reconnaissance, and while aerial reports often lacked clarity, British armoured car patrols provided relatively accurate intelligence. This fog of war contributed to the complexities of planning operations.
The overarching goal of the British under Auchinleck was to capture Cyrenaica—a region in western Libya—to free the port of Tobruk. Achieving this would enable the British to rid the region of Axis forces for good. But before launching the attack, they needed to defeat Rommel’s formidable armour. Two broad strategic options were considered: advance from Jarabub through Jalo to cut off Axis supply lines and encircle forces, or attack Tobruk directly with a feint in the south to draw Rommel’s defenses away.
Cunningham, the commanding officer, favored the latter. He believed attacking Tobruk would provoke Rommel into defending it fiercely, allowing British armour, which they thought was superior, to fight a decisive tank battle. Conversely, attacking via Jalo was deemed too risky due to supply concerns and the threat of dispersing their forces. The Tobruk plan was ultimately chosen, marking the beginning of detailed operational planning.
The Strategic and Logistical Planning of Operation Crusader
Cunningham outlined a plan to divide the British forces into four main groups. The first, Oasis Force under Reid, would progress toward Jalo, capturing landing grounds and confusing Axis reconnaissance through deceptive tactics like dummy tanks and fake wireless signals.
The other three units targeted a concentration around the Sollum-to-Tobruk corridor. The primary force, 30 Corps, with cruiser tanks and light tanks, was tasked with advancing through an undefended stretch between Sidi Omar and Fort Maddalena to lay siege to Tobruk. Simultaneously, 13th Corps would attack Bardia, isolating and eliminating enemy pockets, while a “Centre Force”—initially envisioned as a separate armored unit—would help prevent enemy flanking maneuvers.
However, the plan evolved. Uncertainty about Rommel’s likely response meant that 30 Corps was ordered to assume a defensive stance near Gabr Saleh, waiting for the German counterattack—a gamble hinging on Rommel’s willingness to engage. This “wait-and-see” approach meant the British handed the initiative to Rommel, hoping he would strike first to allow for a decisive engagement.
Logistical Hurdles and Planning Flaws
Executing Operation Crusader would require massive logistical support. By mid-November, the British extended railways nearly 200 miles into the desert and built water pipelines stretching over 160 miles to sustain their forces. Despite these efforts, delays in rehydration and supply buildup caused postponements, shifting the attack date from November 15 to November 18.
Supply bases were established at critical points, each stocked with a week’s worth of provisions, to support the relentless flow of fuel, food, and ammunition. Over 180,000 gallons of petrol per day were needed just for transport. Such logistical demands underscored the arduous nature of desert warfare, where terrain and supply lines could be as significant an adversary as the opposing forces.
The Internal Divisions and Doubts within the British High Command
While Cunningham’s plan was finalized in October, it was met with palpable skepticism among subordinate commanders. The division’s tanks were dispersed over wide areas, diluting their firepower during what was envisioned as a decisive armored confrontation. The arrival of inexperienced and incomplete units, such as the 22nd Armoured Brigade, compounded logistical and tactical concerns.
Prominent commanders like Norrie and Freyberg expressed doubts about the plan’s viability. Norrie argued that instead of waiting at Gabr Saleh, the British should push directly toward Sidi Rezegh—a more strategic location that could better bait Rommel into battle. Cunningham, under pressure, compromised, maintaining the original plan but noting the potential pitfalls. He also wrestled with the conflicting demands of protecting flank areas versus concentrating forces for a decisive tank engagement.
Moreover, the conflicting opinions reflect the underlying flawed assumptions: the idea that Rommel would necessarily counterattack at Gabr Saleh, and that the British armour would be able to achieve a “decisive tank battle” under the current conditions. The leadership’s reliance on Rommel’s assumed reaction created a risky scenario—if Rommel chose to withdraw or adopt a defensive stance, the entire plan could falter.
The Deployment of Besieged Units and Command Struggles
Compounding strategic concerns was the inexperience and logistical inadequacy of supporting units such as the South African 1st Division, which had just arrived after a prolonged training period. They faced shortages and morale issues—an issue that Cunningham’s insistence on rapid deployment did nothing to remedy. Such manpower and equipment deficiencies would limit their effectiveness.
High command tensions grew as Churchill’s push for a swift offensive filtered down through Auchinleck and his subordinates. Churchill’s characterization of the prolonged “standstill” in the Middle East added significant pressure.
In the final days leading to the offensive, individual unit commanders voiced their concerns about the plan’s weaknesses. Despite these doubts, the British forces prepared to execute the operation, with the crucial understanding that much depended on Rommel’s actions—an uncertain gamble embedded within a plan that was as much defensive as offensive.
Operation Crusader’s planning process reveals a mixture of bold ambition and strategic misjudgment. The British leadership aimed for a decisive armoured victory but crafted a plan heavily reliant on the enemy’s aggression and Rommel’s willingness to engage in a specific manner. Logistics, troop readiness, and internal disagreements posed significant hurdles, further complicating the operation’s chances of success.
The operation’s core weakness was its dependence on Rommel taking the bait—a gamble that, if failed, could render the entire campaign ineffective. As the subsequent engagement unfolded, the real test of the plan’s predictions and assumptions would come to light—a story that continues with Rommel’s cunning and the Axis response.
Next Up: The Axis Response and Rommel’s Cunning Plan
Stay tuned as we delve into Rommel’s strategic acumen, the weapons and tactics of the Afrika Korps, the Italian contributions, and the diabolical schemes of General Franz Halder. The unfolding story promises to reveal the true nature of desert warfare and the high-stakes game played by both sides.
The Strategic Intrigues of Operation Crusader: An Inside Look at Rommel, Halder, and the Axis Forces in North Africa
A Portrait of Rommel: The Myth Versus the Man
In the annals of World War II history, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel stands out as a legendary figure—adored by some, revered by many. His daring campaigns across North Africa have cemented his reputation as one of the war’s most skilled commanders, with countless books and documentaries celebrating his tactics and leadership. Yet, behind this myth lies a complex, flawed human being.
Rommel’s early career was marked by extensive service in WWI, where he earned Germany’s highest bravery award, the Pour le Mérite Cross. Unlike many Western generals, Rommel fought in Romania and Italy, avoiding the static trench warfare of the Western Front, which influenced his innovative approach to mobile warfare. His grasp of combined arms tactics, his aggressive push into British-held territory, and his relentless pursuit of victory in North Africa made him a formidable opponent.
However, Rommel’s campaign was not without failure. He failed to seize Tobruk initially, leading to diminished confidence among his superiors—namely Halder and Paulus—and even among some of his own officers and Italian allies. Overconfidence, logistical issues, and strategic missteps overshadowed his early successes, revealing that Rommel was not infallible.
The Strategic Context: Allies, Axis, and the Mediterranean Theater
In 1941, the North African campaign was tightly intertwined with broader Axis and Allied strategic concerns. During meetings in June 1941, Hitler, Mussolini, and their generals debated the priorities in the Mediterranean. Key issues included securing supply lines across the Mediterranean, addressing the Italian navy’s limitations, and the timing of offensive operations.
Central to these discussions was the recognition that without a secure sea route and effective air cover, Axis supply efforts would remain hamstrung. They agreed that an offensive in North Africa couldn’t realistically be launched before autumn, with the Italian forces needing reinforcement and logistical support. The Germans valued quality over quantity, emphasizing well-equipped, mobile units and the importance of logistics—particularly fuel, which was in critically short supply for the Axis.
Halder’s Cunning Plot and the Tensions with Rommel
Amidst these strategic considerations, German Chief of Staff Franz Halder harbored an intense disdain for Rommel. Motivated by personal animosity, Halder devised a plan to undermine Rommel’s command—shifting control of Axis forces in North Africa away from him. His goal was to prevent Rommel from gaining overall command, which Halder believed would be detrimental to German interests.
Halder’s scheme involved sending Lieutenant General Alfred Gause to North Africa as a liaison officer, intending for the Italians to establish an Army headquarters under Italian control. The idea was to have Rommel remain as a corps commander subordinate to a new Italian-led Axis Army. Halder believed that this split would curb Rommel’s influence and contain his aggressive tendencies.
However, the plan backfired spectacularly. Gause’s arrival was met with suspicion and hostility by Italian commanders like General Gariboldi, who objected to yet another German officer encroaching on their turf without proper consultation. Gause, a straightforward man, dismissed Halder’s motives as self-serving and focused on the realities on the ground—Rommel’s capabilities and morale.
Rommel’s Rise to Power: From a Single Division to a Top Commander
Rommel’s performance on the battlefield quickly outpaced Halder’s expectations. When Gause arrived during the preparations for Operation Battleaxe, he observed Rommel’s leadership firsthand. Rommel’s confident and effective command style convinced Gause to support him directly, leading to Rommel’s promotion to Army Commander overseeing all Axis ground forces in North Africa.
This rise was not merely a nominal change. Rommel’s new position in command of the Deutsches Afrika Korps (DAK) included German and Italian divisions, with a focus on combining their strengths. The command structure was chaotic—generals like Bastico and Gariboldi vied for influence, and the Italians often operated independently or even in opposition to Rommel’s directives. Despite this, Rommel’s tactical genius allowed him to wield significant operational autonomy, often bypassing higher commands like Kesselring and Hitler when necessary.
His command saw the reinforcement of divisions such as the Italian Ariete Armoured Division and the German 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions, each equipped with tanks and anti-tank guns superior to many British counterparts. Though numerically outnumbered in tanks, Rommel’s Germans had better balanced units with effective combined arms tactics, leveraging their doctrines of Bewegungskrieg (movement war), Auftragstaktik (mission-type tactics), and flexible Kampfgruppen (battle groups).
The Axis Forces: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Equipment
The Axis armies in North Africa, while smaller in number of tanks and aircraft compared to the British, boasted superior weaponry and doctrines that favored rapid, decisive actions. Their tanks—mainly Panzer III and IV models, supplemented by Italian M13/40s—were better armored and better armed than many British tanks like the Crusader and earlier models of the Matilda.
German anti-tank guns, particularly the 50mm Pak 38 and the mighty 88mm Flak guns, posed a serious threat to British armor at considerable ranges. The Germans also mobilized early, giving them an edge in equipment quality and doctrine. Their use of Kampfgruppen allowed for adaptable, mission-focused units capable of exploiting weaknesses in British defenses.
Despite having fewer tanks overall, the Germans and Italians maintained a more balanced force, integrating infantry and artillery effectively. Their units’ mobility and tactical flexibility meant they could outmaneuver British units, even if they were outnumbered in some areas.
However, logistical issues plagued the Axis. Their supply lines were overstretched, especially for fuel, due to British interdiction, limited port facilities at Libyan ports, and the Royal Navy’s control of sea lanes. The Italians’ weaker naval and air capabilities further compounded these problems, leaving Rommel’s forces often fighting with one arm tied behind their backs.
Logistical Challenges and the Importance of Tobruk
One of Rommel’s strategic priorities was capturing Tobruk, a vital port that would significantly alleviate supply issues. Its fall would enable more efficient offloading of supplies and fuel, critical given the Axis’s logistical bottlenecks. Failing to take Tobruk early on was a significant setback, as the port’s defenses and the extended supply lines both hampered morale and operational readiness.
Rommel was acutely aware of these supply constraints and frequently warned that his forces were operating with one eye on their dwindling fuel reserves. The logistical shortfall was often portrayed as a failing of Rommel himself; however, much of it stemmed from Italy’s inability to adequately supply the front and the broader Mediterranean naval limitations.
Rommel’s volatile personality and his resistance to high command imposed restrictions created friction within the Axis hierarchy. His refusal to adapt to the desert climate—persistently wearing standard uniforms amid the heat—exacerbated tensions. Nonetheless, after a brief period of internal conflicts and dismissals, Rommel’s command was solidified, and his officers were restructured to improve performance.
Meanwhile, the Italian forces under General Bastico were divided and often less effective. The division of command—evident in the split between the 20th Corps under Gambara and the 21st Corps under Navarrini—meant coordination was difficult and often suboptimal. Both sides, German and Italian, faced their own doctrinal and equipment shortcomings.
The Balance of Power: Advantages and Disadvantages
In sum, despite being numerically inferior in tanks and aircraft, the Axis forces in North Africa possessed technological, doctrinal, and tactical advantages. Their better-balanced divisions, combined arms tactics, and superior anti-tank weaponry gave them a fighting chance in the approaching Battle of Crusader.
The Germans had many operational assets but lacked sufficient reserves and suffered from logistical and command issues. Meanwhile, the British had a numerically larger force but were hampered by less balanced units, inferior equipment, and less unified command.
Looking Ahead: Expectations and Challenges
Rommel’s confidence was not unwarranted. He believed that the Italian navy’s struggles could be offset with aggressive tactics and dazzling maneuvering. Before Operation Crusader commenced, he launched a raid—Operation Sommernachtstraum—to gather intelligence on British preparations, which would inform his plans for the upcoming battle.
Despite the overall strengths of the Axis, their logistical and command shortcomings posed significant risks. The upcoming clash would be a test of not just weapons and tactics but also of strategic resilience.
Conclusion
The North African campaign preceding Operation Crusader was marked by ambitious plans, internal rivalries, and the stark realities of logistics and supply chain limitations. Rommel, despite his flaws and the obstacles posed by command disagreements, stood as the central figure capable of leveraging the Axis’s strengths. His leadership, combined with the Germans’ superior doctrines and weapons, kept the Axis in the fight—not merely as underdogs but as a force capable of challenging the British in the desert.
As the battle looms, understanding the complex interplay of personalities, doctrines, and logistics provides critical insight into one of World War II’s most dynamic theaters. The coming weeks would reveal whether Rommel’s tactical brilliance could overcome the strategic and logistical disadvantages facing him and his forces.
Preludes to Operation Crusader: Key Events That Shaped the North African Campaign
Before the launch of Operation Crusader, a pivotal British-Axis military operation in North Africa during World War II, several significant events unfolded that either influenced or foreshadowed its course. These preliminary actions ranged from daring reconnaissance missions to covert sabotage efforts, all of which contributed to shaping the strategic landscape.
Rommel’s Audience with Hitler and His Growing Concerns
In late July 1941, Erwin Rommel, the renowned German general commanding Africa Korps, visited Adolf Hitler at the Wolf’s Lair. During this meeting, Hitler presented maps detailing the deteriorating situation on the Eastern Front, where Soviet forces were suffering from encirclements by German troops. The reinforcing supply of troops and equipment to North Africa was effectively halted, a fact Rommel acknowledged subtly but notably felt revitalized after his interaction with Hitler. However, Rommel was also beginning to notice early signs of health problems—jaundice, indicating liver issues—that he chose not to disclose, aware of the potential consequences for his transport back to Africa.
Despite his declining health, Rommel’s obsession with capturing Tobruk intensified. He believed controlling this vital port could enable a new offensive into Egypt by early 1942. His superiors, including General Bastico, expressed skepticism, viewing his fixation as risky and unrealistic given the logistical and strategic challenges. Rommel’s push for an early attack resulted in an urgent need for intelligence on British intentions—a challenge complicated by the increasing effectiveness of British reconnaissance and air cover.
The First SAS Operation and the British Defensive Preparations
Meanwhile, in a dramatic step, the British established their own clandestine operations to distract Rommel. The newly formed Special Air Service (SAS), which would later become legendary, executed their first known mission: Operation Flipper. Launched on November 13-14, 1941, this daring raid involved 59 men from No. 11 (Scottish) Commando, supported by submarines HMS Torbay and HMS Talisman, deploying behind enemy lines near Apollonia, Libya.
The goal was multifaceted: disrupt Italian and German command centers, gather intelligence, and attempt to assassinate Rommel himself. Unfortunately, the operation was plagued with delays, weather issues, and misfortune. The commandos faced a rough sea journey, and poor weather hampered their landing, leading to losses—including a drowned soldier and others stranded at sea. When they finally launched their attack in the early hours of November 18, just as Crusader was beginning, the plan faltered; Rommel was not at his villa as anticipated, having moved his headquarters weeks prior. The raid resulted in minimal tactical gains and a high cost—only a handful of commandos managed to escape back to Allied lines after a 41-day trek across the desert.
Another clandestine British effort involved a night parachute raid near Gazala, aimed at eliminating Rommel before the impending battle. Captain David Sterling's SAS unit parachuted into the desert on November 16, intending to raid German airfields and potentially assassinate Rommel at his headquarters in Beda Littoria or Sidi Rafi.
However, the operation was plagued with weather complications; aircraft were scattered, equipment was lost, and the team was forced to abandon their original plan of attacking Rommel himself. On the night of November 17-18, the commandos launched an attack on Rommel’s villa, resulting in chaos. During the assault, Rommel’s staff officer, Oberstleutnant Weiss, was killed, and Rommel was not present at his headquarters, having left days earlier.
The raid turned into a disastrous encounter for the British: only two of the 22 men managed to escape back to Allied lines after wandering through the desert for over a month. Rommel’s resilience was undeterred; he survived the attempt, which, combined with the failed SAS operations, underscored the chaos and complexity preceding Crusader’s open hostilities.
The failed raids and the resilience of Rommel had profound implications. Rommel’s own intelligence and the planted false documents—misleading him to believe the British would not attack until December—led him to underestimate the immediate threat. Consequently, Rommel was inclined to keep Tobruk as his primary target, dismissing warnings about potential British offensives in other sectors.
Simultaneously, the Allies improved their reconnaissance, bolstered air support, and disseminated false intelligence, creating a strategic deception that convinced Rommel to focus on Tobruk. This misjudgment was crucial, as it delayed the Axis attack plans, while the British amassed forces and prepared their defensive and offensive preparations for Crusader.
Naval and supply issues further complicated the situation. From June to October 1941, support and supplies were severely strained—220,000 tons of shipping losses to British naval and air activity significantly hindered Axis logistics. Recognizing the dire need, Hitler intervened in late October, pressing Mussolini to permit German naval and air operations to aid the Axis supply line in the Mediterranean. The deployment of the Luftwaffe’s Fliegerkorps and the targeting of Malta aimed to establish air and naval superiority, critical for the upcoming battles.
Despite these efforts, Rommel was advised to wait until 1942 for a major assault. Yet, his characteristic impulsiveness pushed him to plan an attack on Tobruk in late November, regardless of the logistical setbacks.
In anticipation of Crusader, the British launched diversionary and sabotage missions. Operation Flipper, despite its failure, marked the beginning of SAS tactics—special operations focused on sabotage, intelligence, and assassination. Similarly, on November 16, British parachute commandos aimed to attack Axis airfields near Gazala but encountered weather-related setbacks, and their efforts yielded little result.
What makes all these events particularly intriguing is Rommel’s survival and perceived advantage amid chaos, which was not what the Allies expected. His ability to evade assassination attempts, and the mishaps of British covert operations, created a strange paradox. Rommel’s persistence, despite illness and logistical issues, set the stage for one of WWII’s most unpredictable and remarkable campaigns.
In summary, these preliminary actions—Rommel’s strategic meetings, failed SAS raids, and false intelligence—created a complex prelude that significantly influenced the course of Operation Crusader. While the Allies aimed to distract Rommel and weaken his forces through covert operations, the general’s resilience and underestimation of opposition meant that Crusader would prove to be one of the most surprising battles of the war, embodying unpredictability and strategic deception that defined the North African theater.
Thanks for reading. Stay tuned for the upcoming detailed coverage of Operation Crusader itself.
The Dawn of Operation Crusader: A Battle of False Starts and Hidden Strategies
The anticipation had reached its peak as the British Eighth Army prepared to launch Operation Crusader, a major offensive aimed at breaking the Axis grip on North Africa. The moment of truth had arrived: after months of meticulous planning, gathering intelligence, and operational preparation, the day of the attack was finally at hand. Yet, what began as a grand prelude swiftly unraveled into confusion, misjudgments, and unforeseen consequences—setting the stage for a complex and tumultuous campaign.
The Morale and Motivation Leading Up to the Battle
On the eve of the offensive, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill addressed the troops with a stirring message, emphasizing their modern equipment, the historic significance of the battle, and the hope of striking a decisive blow. Despite their initial lackluster enthusiasm, the morale of the British and Empire forces soared. Over 100,000 men, supported by 600 tanks, with thousands of vehicles, began their southward march from Sidi Barrani, leaving behind the desolate Italian camps of the previous year.
The logistical movement was ambitious but fraught with issues. Several units experienced chaos—vehicles overturned, equipment was damaged, and resources strained, notably with South African units facing unexpectedly high fuel consumption. The New Zealanders’ lengthy convoy stretched over 100 miles, with delays hampering their momentum. Meanwhile, on the German side, reconnaissance battalions under Oberstleutnant Wechmar and the Italian RECAM unit engaged in routine patrols along the Egyptian frontier, unaware of the larger impending British assault.
The First Thunderclaps: Surprise and Initial Advances
Weather conditions challenged the advancing British forces, with thunderstorms and sandstorms grounding aircraft and creating mud. Nonetheless, British commanders Cunningham and Norrie maintained discipline and radio silence, ensuring they achieved complete surprise when the offensive launched at dawn on November 18, 1941.
The British armoured cars led the charge across the Frontier Wire, marching in a massive column meant to punch through enemy reconnaissance screens. Initially, everything seemed to go according to plan; the British spearhead crossed the Trigh el Abd, capturing key locations like Gabr Saleh, and encountered only minor opposition from Italian units. Their rapid advance suggested a straightforward victory was imminent, fueling optimism among the troops.
The Italian and German Response: The Italian Resilience
However, the Italian Ariete Division, defending Gabr Saleh, proved more competent than the British anticipated. Their well-trained and well-equipped armoured formation fought fiercely, with several British tank battalions suffering heavy losses in a series of costly engagements. The British tanks, relying on aggressive cavalry-style charges, faced devastating anti-tank fire and prepared positions, revealing critical flaws in their doctrine—particularly the dangerous reliance on tanks without infantry or artillery support.
The Italians lost approximately 34 tanks during the clashes, but their defenders inflicted enough damage to halt the British advance. The British, despite their numerical superiority, had lost about 25 tanks from an initial strength of 136, demonstrating that speed and enthusiasm could not overcome prepared anti-tank defenses.
The Strategic Missteps and Disorganized Planning
Meanwhile, the British leadership grappled with confusion. Originally, Operation Crusader was designed to provoke Axis reactions—drawing Rommel’s forces into a decisive engagement, allowing the British to destroy the panzer divisions and shift the momentum. Ironically, Rommel’s cautious yet decisive inaction inadvertently undermined this strategy.
Rommel, freshly arrived from Rome, doubted the significance of the British attack. Interpreting the initial reports as a reconnaissance-in-force rather than a full-scale offensive, he dismissed intelligence suggesting large British formations. Convinced it was a diversion, Rommel refused to commit his panzers, opting instead to hold his ground and prepare for the planned attack on Tobruk.
This cautious stance left the British forces in a paradoxical situation—having achieved total surprise but being unsure whether the Italians and Germans would react. Cunningham and others were left in limbo, uncertain whether to press forward or regroup, as the lack of Axis response rendered their offensive largely ineffective and disjointed.
The Critical Day Two: Reactive Movements and Escalating Engagements
On November 19, the British forces attempted to adapt to the new battlefield reality. There was a shift toward aggressive probing with the 7th Armoured Brigade pushing towards Tobruk, and other units seeking to engage Italian and German formations. However, British commanders began to realize their fundamental mistake: attacking without infantry or artillery support, solely relying on tanks, was strategically unsound.
The Critical Day Two: Reactive Movements and Escalating Engagements
On November 19, the British forces attempted to adapt to the new battlefield reality. There was a shift toward aggressive probing with the 7th Armoured Brigade pushing towards Tobruk, and other units seeking to engage Italian and German formations. However, British commanders began to realize their fundamental mistake: attacking without infantry or artillery support, solely relying on tanks, was strategically unsound.
A notable operation was the attack on the Italian Ariete Division at Bir el Gubi. While initial assaults showed promise, the Italians held their ground and mounted a counterattack supported by well-positioned anti-tank guns and artillery, inflicting heavy British losses. British tanks—outmatched and outgunned—suffered significant attrition, losing at least a fifth of their force, with some estimates reaching half.
This clash exposed a deeper flaw: British tanks, despite their reputation, lacked the combined-arms support crucial in desert warfare. Their doctrine, still influenced by pre-war models that emphasized tanks as invincible, proved outdated against coordinated Italian anti-tank defenses.
The Turning Point: Rommel’s Delayed Reaction and the Opening of the German Flank
Despite initial German skepticism, reports of British advances reaching Sidi Rezegh, with units like the 7th Armoured Brigade and South African troops seizing the airfield, prompted Rommel to reconsider his stance. Finally, he authorized the 15th Panzer Division to respond, leading Kampfgruppe Stephan to confront the British forces near Gabr Saleh.
The ensuing confrontation was chaos-fueled; German forces outnumbered and outgunned, faced with the British flank. The battle confirmed the critical lesson: British forces lacked the coordinated support needed, allowing Rommel to deploy his panzers effectively, despite his initial hesitations. This shift marked the beginning of a series of German countermeasures that would test British resilience.
Operation Crusader, in its early stages, was a story of missed opportunities, tactical naivety, and flawed assumptions. The British strategy depended heavily on the enemy reacting—a reaction that Rommel’s cautious approach ensured would be delayed and confused. The British pursuit of a rapid, unopposed breakthrough resulted in overextension, ineffective engagement, and significant tank losses, especially against Italian anti-tank defences.
Meanwhile, Italian and German forces demonstrated resilience and adaptability, challenging British preconceptions about their enemies' capabilities. The Italians, in particular, proved that well-trained and supported formations like Ariete could hold their ground, signaling that the campaign would be far harder than initially thought.
By the end of Day Two, Operation Crusader’s initial advantage had dissolved into disorder. The British had surprised the Axis but failed to capitalize on their advantages due to tactical mistakes and overconfidence in their tanks. Rommel’s cautious inaction—initially perceived as a strategic failure—turned out to be a calculated delay that allowed deeper German preparation and positioning.
As the campaign progressed, the true nature of desert warfare—where combined arms and precise coordination mattered most—became clear. The early failures underlined the importance of doctrine, preparation, and understanding the enemy’s strength, lessons that would shape the battle’s outcome in the weeks to come.
The Battle of Gabr Saleh and Sidi Rezegh: A Tangle of Misjudgments and Dynamism
Last week marked the beginning of a fierce armored confrontation in North Africa, but as the events unfolded, both sides found their assumptions and plans quickly unraveling amidst chaos, miscommunication, and strategic blunders.
The British forces launched an ambitious offensive aimed at capturing Gabr Saleh, a pivotal position in the desert campaign. Initially, their advance was robust, reaching the target area and establishing a foothold that seemed to threaten Rommel’s cautious front. Waiting patiently for the German reaction, the British forces anticipated a counterattack. However, Rommel — the German commander — chose not to respond immediately, leading the British to become vulnerable as they dispersed their units searching for the elusive enemy.
This disjointed movement resulted in the First Battle of Bir el Gubi, with the British also seizing the opportunity to capture Sidi Rezegh airfield — a significant strategic victory in terms of air control and staging ground. Yet, the overall British plan started to falter as their forces became increasingly diluted and disorganized, leaving their front exposed to the disciplined German counterattacks.
One key German unit involved was Kampfgruppe Stephan, which moved into the battle area with anti-tank guns positioned behind. The British, notably the 8th Hussars, charged forward unexpectedly, pushing through the German formation. In response, the British swiftly turned to engage German tanks at very close range, exploiting their 37mm guns that, despite being inferior, could penetrate the German Panzers at such proximity.
What ensued was a chaotic mêlée where tanks became entwined in near hand-to-hand combat amid smoke and dust that obscured visibility. German anti-tank guns and tanks fought valiantly but struggled against the dust and British machine guns' fire. An observer vividly described the frantic tank duels — guns swinging across smoke-filled battlefields, vehicles twisting and dodging in a cacophony of grinding treads and engines. The fierce firefight, lasting through the afternoon, saw neither side gaining definitive control.
Later, reinforcements from the British 5th Battalion of the Royal Tank Regiment arrived from the south. Yet, as the daylight waned, German forces withdrew — bolstered by a support column that arrived from the rear for refueling and resupply. Unable to threaten British tanks effectively, German anti-tank defenses kept the British at bay, forcing a temporary stalemate.
The aftermath of this clash saw both sides claiming victory, but the assessments of tank losses varied sharply. German claims, such as Oberst Stephan’s report of 24 destroyed British tanks, turned out inflated — some tanks were recovered and returned to combat within 24 hours, meaning actual losses were significantly lower. The British estimated higher inflicted damage but also suffered substantial losses, with around 26 tanks damaged or destroyed, though many were later repaired.
This discrepancy highlights a recurring theme of over-claiming in wartime, notably also seen on the Eastern Front with Soviet claims of tank kills versus German records, which often downplayed their own losses. Both sides overestimated their achievements in this chaotic melee, an issue that would complicate operational planning and morale.
Despite these conflicting reports, both commanders believed they had inflicted substantial damage, leading to overconfidence. The British, inspired by the perceived success, thought their light tanks matched German Panzers and anticipated a swift victory as their forces coalesced.
Meanwhile, British officers such as Gatehouse and Norrie misjudged the strategic landscape. The idea of concentrating forces at Gabr Saleh was abandoned in favor of dispersal, weakening the British armor's potential. Cunningham, the overall commander, was deceived by reports of victory and overconfidence in the durability and effectiveness of his tanks. His plans for a decisive armored clash were based on an illusion of concentrated strength that never materialized.
As night fell, British forces withdrew from the battlefield, leaving Germans to recover damaged tanks. Crüwell’s Panther divisions believed they had routed the British, but the reality was more nuanced. Despite their nominal victory, the Germans had only damaged or destroyed a portion of British tanks, with many quickly repaired, and the overall strategic situation remained unresolved.
The Germans’ Tactical Shift and Rommel’s Strategic Intent
German commander Erwin Rommel, seemingly restrained initially, finally began to react more decisively. His focus shifted towards protecting Tobruk, with Crüwell’s divisions given freer rein to encircle and destroy British armored units aiming to relieve the siege of Tobruk. Unaware that the British had dispersed their forces more than hoped, Crüwell launched a series of movements designed to isolate and annihilate British units at Sidi Azeiz and Gabr Saleh.
Rommel—a master of rapid maneuver—had initially wished to press an offensive on Tobruk but was persuaded to delay his plans. Crüwell’s initiative in moving divisions southward was an attempt to cut off the British forces from escape routes—an encirclement tactic typical of German operations in North Africa.
The Climax: German Encirclement and the Coming Battle
As dawn approached on November 21, the Germans prepared for a decisive attack. Despite running out of fuel at crucial moments, the German divisions—15th and 21st Panzer—were pushed to pursue the battered British units. Crüwell’s divisions aimed to engage British forces at Sidi Rezegh, intent on destroying them in detail rather than in a decisive mass tank battle. This approach reflected the German preference for operational attrition, leveraging superior tactics, discipline, and combined arms to wear down the British.
Meanwhile, British command oversight compromised their strategic coherence. Cunningham, misreading the situation, believed his forces could still achieve victory through regrouping and concentrated attack, despite their dispersed positions. Orders were issued to reinforce key points and prepare for a major armored engagement, but delays and miscommunications hurt British prospects. Notably, the British underestimated Rommel’s resolve and the Germans’ capacity for rapid maneuver following their perceived weakening.
Rommel’s refusal to accept defeat and his aggressive move to destroy British armored formations set the stage for what would be one of the most unpredictable and intense armored clashes in military history. Despite initial assessments and overconfidence on both sides, the battlefield was poised for an extraordinary showdown.
As Rommel’s Panzers advanced towards the British positions, the earlier misjudgments, over-claims, and dispersion of British forces created a volatile and dangerous situation. The ultimate outcome of this engagement would hinge on a complex interplay of speed, reconnaissance, supply, and battle tactics.
The upcoming confrontation promised to be unlike any other, with the British and Germans both believing they had the upper hand—yet both sides standing on the precipice of a battle that would challenge their perceptions and strategies to the limit.
The battles near Gabr Saleh and Sidi Rezegh exemplify the chaos, misjudgments, and strategic risks characteristic of the North African desert war. Both British and German commanders overestimated their strengths, underestimated the enemy, and fell prey to flawed intelligence and overconfidence. The ensuing fight, marked by fierce tank duels, tactical missteps, and surges of maneuver warfare, would become one of the most notable episodes of the campaign—a testament to the brutal and unpredictable nature of armored warfare in the desert.
The next chapter in this saga promises an unprecedented clash, with the outcome still uncertain and the lessons of misjudgment echoing through the sands of North Africa.
Indeed, destiny's true architect is the divine, yet the paradox lies in our agency—surrender to God's provision while forging ahead with grateful steps, transforming worry into abundant becoming
The Battle of Sidi Rezegh: A Tumultuous Day in the North African Campaign
The Battle of Sidi Rezegh during November 1941 marked a chaotic and pivotal moment in the North African desert war, revealing stark shortcomings in British command, strategic planning, and battlefield communication. The engagement, characterized by misjudgments, confusing troop movements, and unexpected German maneuvers, showcased how the Italian-German Axis forces managed to hold their ground against a seemingly overconfident Allied attack.
The British offensive, dubbed "Crusader," was initially aimed at breaking the Axis siege of Tobruk, but it quickly descended into disarray. Gott, commanding the 7th Armoured Brigade, was pushed toward Tobruk with the 4th Armoured Brigade caught under heavy German attack from the 15th Panzer Division. Meanwhile, the 4th Armoured Brigade suffered significant losses during a fierce confrontation with the Germans, and British command repeatedly misinterpreted battlefield signals, making premature and ill-informed decisions.
A key turning point was the British command's misjudgment of German movements. Thanks in part to radio misinformation and the BBC's reports, Rommel was led to believe that the British forces were retreating — a misconception that delayed his decisive response. In reality, German forces, including the 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions, were converging on Sidi Rezegh with the intent to crush the British 7th Armoured Brigade and corresponding support units.
The German Counteroffensive: Encirclement and Shock
As the German panzers advanced from Gabr Saleh and along the Trig Capuzzo, the British forces found themselves increasingly outmatched. The German divisions employed a well-coordinated attack, with the 15th Panzer Division pressing from the south and the 21st Panzer Division moving along the escarpment, aiming to encircle the British units.
The British responded with valiant but often improvised resistance. The 7th Hussars were swiftly overwhelmed, and the remnants of the 7th Armoured Brigade, including Crusader tanks, were virtually wiped out — a devastating blow to British armor strength. Meanwhile, the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Tank Regiment, defending the key Sidi Rezegh airfield, fought fiercely but were outnumbered and outgunned, leading to heavy casualties and the eventual surrender of their commanding officer.
Amidst the chaos, British commanders on the ground, including Brigadier Campbell, took desperate and heroic measures. Campbell, a legendary figure, personally drove his unarmored staff car into the front lines, rallying battered units and inspiring renewed fighting spirit despite the mounting losses.
The British Miscommunications and Strategic Failures
Throughout the day, communication failures plagued the British forces. Orders to reinforce or counterattack often arrived late or were misinterpreted. For example, Norrie’s reports suggested that German forces were retreating, leading to overconfidence in British strength. Conversely, other units, such as the New Zealand Division and 13th Corps, were delayed or withdrew prematurely due to miscommunications and poor situational awareness.
British leaders mistakenly believed that substantial German tank losses had occurred, and that Rommel’s forces were significantly weakened. In reality, Rommel’s units, although battered and low on supplies, effectively contained the British offensive. The British assumption of victory was a classic case of the "illusion of victory," masking the precariousness of their position and the resilience of the Axis defenders.
The German Response: Consolidation and Strategic Withdrawal
As the battle progressed late into the day, Rommel and his divisions coordinated a strategic withdrawal to secondary positions along the escarpment, intending to regroup and counterattack anew. Despite initial confusion, the Germans successfully pulled back, leaving the British with a battlefield strewn with wrecked tanks, abandoned guns, and disorganized units.
Rommel, aware of the overstretched and depleted British forces, prioritized tactical reorganization. He ordered the 15th Panzer Division to reposition eastward and prepared to counter any further British advances. The German forces, though fatigued and short on fuel, remained tactically coherent, readying themselves for subsequent engagements.
The Aftermath: Heavy Losses and a Costly Stalemate
The aftermath of November 21st left the British with severe losses. The 7th Armoured Brigade was essentially decimated, with only a fraction of its tanks remaining operational. The 22nd Armoured Brigade fared slightly better but still suffered from attrition, while the famed 7th Hussars was wiped out entirely, marking the end of an era for that unit in North Africa.
Despite their retreat, the Germans had succeeded in halting the British breakout and reinforcing their hold over vital positions. The campaign revealed critical issues: British overconfidence, miscommunication, and underestimation of the German resolve. The British forces would need to regroup and reconsider their approach in the coming days.
While Rommel’s forces had achieved a tactical victory by stopping the British offensive, internal tensions flared. Rommel was dissatisfied with Crüwell’s perceived failure to transfer forces swiftly to relieve Tobruk, feeling that the German units had been effectively sandwiched and unable to maneuver freely. Rommel’s orders during the night reflected his intent to consolidate and prepare for future strikes — a hearkening to his classic strategy of quick, decisive moves.
Crüwell, meanwhile, initiated a cautious withdrawal, ordering divisions to regroup and avoid being encircled further. The German command recognized the critical importance of maintaining their frontier positions and the necessity of conserving fuel and ammunition for future battles.
Conclusion: A Battle of Losses, Lessons, and the Long Road Ahead
The Battle of Sidi Rezegh exemplified the chaos inherent in desert warfare — where confusion, communication failure, and strategic misjudgments could turn the tide rapidly. The British learned the hard way that their armor was often vulnerable against well-positioned German panzers and that battlefield intelligence could be fatally flawed if not accurately gathered and processed swiftly.
Rommel’s forces, though battered, maintained their hold, setting the stage for future operations. The cost to the British was heavy, with units decimated and morale tested, but the campaign was far from over. Subsequent days would see the Germans trying to consolidate their gains, setting the stage for the ongoing struggle to control North Africa.
The chaos, heroism, and systemic failures of November 21st encapsulate the brutal and unpredictable nature of armored warfare — a lesson in humility for all who witnessed it.
The Turning Tides of Operation Crusader: A British Defeat and the Resilience of the Axis
The British Retreat and the Unfolding Disaster
On November 23, 1941, during the pivotal Battle of Tobruk, British forces faced a spiraling disaster in North Africa. Starting from the strategic Sidi Rezegh airfield, British tanks and troops engaged in a desperate fighting withdrawal under relentless pressure from Rommel’s advancing Panzer divisions. The Support Group maneuvered to the east flank, while the 22nd Armoured Brigade repositioned on the west, preparing for what seemed to be a doomed defense.
Amid this chaos, the German 15th Panzer Division responded swiftly to calls for support from the 21st Panzer Division, abandoning initial encircling plans to drive directly towards the sound of the guns. This decision led them directly into the path of British armored units, including the hastily organized 4th Armoured Brigade. In a devastating turn, the Germans, led by Cramer’s 8th Panzer Regiment, launched a surprise attack on the British headquarters, capturing 267 prisoners, about 35 vehicles including tanks and guns, and critically, the entire communications network of 30 Corps.
Unaware of this catastrophic loss, British Command under Cunningham remained in the dark for hours, progressively heading into a state of confusion and despair. Meanwhile, the widespread destruction of British tanks—reducing their armored strength from hundreds to a mere fraction—signaled a decisive blow. The British forces had suffered a significant setback, with shattered units, lost tanks, and a demoralized command structure.
The German Strategic Play and Rommel’s Encirclement Plan
Rommel, believing he had achieved a major victory, viewed the previous day's engagements as a turning point. With 173 operational tanks—more than the British—he decided to capitalize on the momentum by executing a concentric encirclement, the classic Kesselschlacht tactic, against the remaining British forces.
Rommel swiftly coordinated with Mussolini to consolidate Italian and German commands under his leadership, transferring the Ariete Division from Gambara’s corps into his command structure. His goal was to use both Panzer divisions to advance towards Bir el Gubi, trapping the 7th Armoured Division and destroying it in a hammer-and-anvil maneuver. The plan relied heavily on close cooperation between German and Italian units, with Rommel confident that the combined Axis forces could encircle and crush the British south of the frontier.
The Battle at Bir el Gubi and the Intelligence Breakthrough
As the Axis prepared for the decisive attack, Allied forces under British command continued their fighting amid confusion. The 5th South African Brigade, positioned near Bir el Gubi, was relentlessly assaulted by the advancing Panzer divisions. In a fortunate accident, the British forces stumbled upon Crüwell’s Afrika Korps headquarters at Bir el Chleta, capturing its entire wireless and cipher staff, though Crüwell and his chief of staff narrowly escaped.
This intelligence coup was invaluable, as it allowed the Allies to intercept and decode German communications, giving them insight into Rommel’s plans. Crüwell’s subsequent disagreement with Rommel’s orders led him to modify the original attack plan, opting to concentrate the entire panzer force into a massive, mobile punch aimed at smashing the South Africans and detaching the 7th Armoured Brigade from British control.
Meanwhile, the British were reorganizing under intense command crises. At a critical midday conference, Allied commanders debated whether to withdraw or press ahead. The situation was dire: the 7th Armoured Brigade was nearly decimated, with only a handful of tanks remaining, and the victory at Tobruk was slipping away. Cunningham's mood darkened as he realized that the Germans still had the upper hand, with substantially more tanks and better positioning.
On the afternoon of November 23rd, Rommel’s assembled forces launched their main assault. Over 250 tanks, mainly Panzer and Italian M13/40s, sliced through the battered British positions, including the remnants of the South African Brigade. Despite fierce resistance, the outnumbered British and South African forces could do little to stop the momentum.
A series of skirmishes and tactical maneuvers ensued, including notable actions like Major Robert Crisp’s engagement with German artillery, which temporarily halted German progress and freed some prisoners. The fighting was intense, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. The 5th South African Brigade was completely destroyed, losing over 3,300 men, most captured, and the 22nd Armoured Brigade was reduced to just 22 tanks from its original strength.
Meanwhile, the Axis forces pressed forward, reassembling their tank formations for a final push. The Germans attempted to exploit the captured territory, with Crüwell’s revised plan calling for a swift, mobile attack aimed at encircling higher-value targets like Tobruk itself.
The Collapse of British Defenses and the Command Crisis
The relentless onslaught shattered British defenses, forcing them into a painful retreat. The British command's disorganization reached a climax as Cunningham, overwhelmed by losses and the apparent dominance of the Axis, contemplated the unthinkable—withdrawal and even the end of Operation Crusader.
Conflicting messages and internal disagreements led to a command crisis, with Cunningham’s staff attempting to prevent a hasty retreat by disconnecting their own telephone lines to avoid rogue orders. The British command was effectively split, paralyzed by indecision until even the arrival of Auchinleck, the commander-in-chief, was awaited for resolution.
Throughout this chaos, the Germans continued their advance, linking up with the Italian Ariete Division. Crüwell’s forces prepared for their final assault, with the intention of crushing the remaining British units, despite heavy casualties on their side.
The Aftermath: A Pyrrhic Victory for the Axis
By nightfall on November 23rd, the battle was effectively over. The 5th South African Brigade was annihilated, with over 3,000 casualties, and the remnants of British armor were decimated. Although the Germans suffered significant losses—estimated at 60-70 tanks—the strategic outcome was bleak for the British. Their key units, including the 7th and 4th Armoured Brigades, had been nearly destroyed, and their strategic positions compromised.
Rommel believed he had achieved victory, but it was a costly one. The German forces had paid dearly in tanks and infantry casualties, and the victory was, in many ways, pyrrhic. The British, though battered, still retained forces and morale to continue fighting, and the strategic picture was far from settled.
Reflection: Learning from the Defeat and the Road Ahead
The events of November 23, 1941, marked a nadir for the British Eighth Army in North Africa. The failure to coordinate effective combined arms tactics, the loss of vital communications, and internal command disagreements revealed deep flaws in British military doctrine. The battle also underscored Rommel's cunning and aggressive tactics, but it exposed his reliance on poorly coordinated assaults and underestimating the resilience of his opponents.
Throughout the chaos, there was a sense that the British had lost their initial advantage—and perhaps the battle itself. Yet, as the narrative suggests, Rommel’s supposed victory might be more fragile than it appears. The coming days would test whether the Axis could capitalize further or if the British could regroup and turn the tide once more.
Next time, we will delve deeper into the repercussions of this battle and explore whether the Axis victory at Tobruk was truly decisive or a temporary setback for the Allies. Stay tuned.
📊 TTSLA Price Update
🏭 TSLA Stock: $462.070
🪙 TTSLA Token: $3.460
🔴 Deviation: -25.120%
🎁 Presale Active: 3% APR + 2x Bonus for early buyers
What do you think will be the tailwind that pushes Hive towards stronger price traction and deeper Blockchain development? 🗨️
Curious to hear everyone's take on what could drive the next big #Wave. 🚀
#Hive #Crypto #Web3
nothing. that ship has sailed
Haha fair take, but I still think there’s life in the sails yet. Never say never in crypto. 😄
its hard to say because everything else already exist unless there is a front end that makes it out there with ton of hype, meme type hype or a game , but there are other things that makes it a very niche and close ecosystem that might need more adaptation to the overall crypto world, idk this is just a thought, Im no expert and dont pretend to be one but its what I can tell from my short time on
Totally valid take, hype and accessibility matter a lot... a front end that clicks with the wider crypto crowd could change everything. 🚀
increased adoption in web3 social could be key, but from what i've seen in markets, ai integration and mining efficiency boosts are driving traction - like hive digital's recent bitcoin jumps and analyst targets up to $8. macro crypto bull run helps too
reminds me of eth's defi wave
Great points, Web3 social growth and AI integration could definitely amplify Hive’s visibility, especially with that macro push.
yeah ai integration's the real catalyst - hive's stock dipped but bounced to $5.02 amid ai data center hype, analysts eyeing $8. web3 social on top could spark that eth-style defi wave in a bull market
Every block new Hive tokens are created to reward witnesses, creators and curators. This dilutes the value of Hive.
To cause the price to go up, this ‘inflation’ needs to be locked up and more.
A play to earn game could do that.
This part of our new landing page is looking cool!
The POL will autocompound in perpetuity
looks cool, very minimalistic, would be cool if the holding numers would be life, the green sphere with the two arrows is covering part of the text in case want to chnage it
The interface is so beautiful
micro earnings keep comming 🤑 all you jave to do is upvote @leothreads blog posts and stay active on threada ✌️
https://img.leopedia.io/DQmVteGnuXdTpgmuJa9kWXM9Zuch9DpQSTuEjE2aVaHbyw3/Screenshot_2025-11-05-22-03-17-566%20(1).png
good job growing this man
Keep spreading the good word about it ;)
This is magic lok
The TTSLA presale has less than 48 hours left in it
I will keep buying as much as I can get my hands on before it ends
Also, I'm leaving all of mine set to autocompound for more TTSLA every day with the yield I earn. All the yield will drive in more TTSLA to my wallet on a daily basis
This means more exposure to the future that Tesla is building
My last SURGE dividend payout was 0.167 LSTR. That is worth $8 in equity.
I'm grateful.
#leostrategy
yeah I don't think it is $8
I'm looking at it with the eyes of LSTR at $50 equity
ok
Interesting
Everyone wants compounding
Few accept the part of skipping shiny purchases, ignoring hot tips, and holding through a boring quarter
That's the toll
Pay it or stay broke
You just have to pay the price man!
yep, price is daily discipline – skipped the fancy cars in my 20s to let dividends compound
paying off big time now
Uesss
exactly, that daily grind turns into real freedom later – worth every skipped splurge
That’s exactly how it should be
absolutely, that early sacrifice turns into freedom later – skipped the toys, stacked the assets, now it's autopilot compounding
Trans generational wealth come with only discipline
exactly, building wealth that lasts generations starts with that daily grind – skipped the impulse buys young, now it's compounding for the family
One silver lining for the next bear market: on-chain activity might not fall as much if retail exits. After all, retail barely showed up this cycle 😅
True
exactly, bear markets are basically spring cleaning for crypto
Now I understand
cool, yeah once you see the upside it's way less scary
📈 MARKET ORDER CLOSED 📈
💰@leostrategy bought 1,065 $LEO for 982 $SWAP.HIVE at avg price 0.922229 SWAP.HIVE/LEO on #hiveengine
💲 USD Value: $109.5
✅🔗https://he.dtools.dev/tx/cef8ae6b65f915d03af33c65f241fcaf18afb4bf
📈 MARKET ORDER CLOSED 📈
💰@leostrategy bought 1,070 $LEO for 987 $SWAP.HIVE at avg price 0.922690 SWAP.HIVE/LEO on #hiveengine
💲 USD Value: $110.0
✅🔗https://he.dtools.dev/tx/7bc680fdee29ec6edf2edb74cc52e9c83a40ef01
📈 MARKET ORDER CLOSED 📈
💰@leostrategy bought 1,067 $LEO for 993 $SWAP.HIVE at avg price 0.930306 SWAP.HIVE/LEO on #hiveengine
💲 USD Value: $110.6
✅🔗https://he.dtools.dev/tx/a672824919f5c39db60272c82f36bd185a035c1b
Stick to Bitcoin and keep leverage minimal, or avoid leverage entirely. That reduces the risk of losing 80% of capital in mass liquidation events. Many people go through the pain of losing money.
Some will again take leveraged positions in shitcoins over the next few months. BITCOIN ONLY
Bitcoin is the future and power of the world
couldn't agree more - bitcoin's weathered every cycle since '09 while most alts crash and burn
sticking to it long-term is the real power move
Bitcoin shocked the world and its haters even w
absolutely, btc's resilience keeps proving the haters wrong cycle after cycle - that's the real edge in this game
I just have to keep stacking
stacking sats through the dips is key - dca your way in and hodl long-term
builds real wealth without the leverage drama
More***
absolutely - bitcoin's network effects just keep compounding, making it more resilient than ever
in my experience, that's the ultimate edge over volatile alts
The idea into it was really perfect and execution is 100
bitcoin's design is genius - decentralized, fixed supply, proof-of-work securing it all
execution's been flawless through every bear market, proving why it's king
Thats why the us government has the highest amount in possession
yeah they've got over 200k BTC from seizures like silk road - makes them one of the biggest holders
institutional adoption is real
Wow!!!!
yep, and with spot ETFs approved, more institutions are piling in - could push BTC to new highs in the next cycle
What are etfs please
ETFs are exchange-traded funds - investment vehicles that track assets like stocks or commodities, traded on exchanges like shares
spot BTC ETFs hold actual Bitcoin, making it easier for big players to invest without direct custody
I don’t know so much lol. Shameful
no shame in that - crypto's a deep rabbit hole
start with basics like how ETFs work: they let big money buy BTC without holding it directly, driving demand up over time
But if fairness truly exist Thats wickedness
it's ironic - gov seizing BTC while pushing regulations, but yeah, feels unfair to those who lost it
institutional plays like that just validate the asset class more
Pure wickedness lol
haha yeah, pure irony - gov hoarding what they once called worthless. but it screams validation for BTC as an asset class
Inhuman too
totally, the irony stings - gov playing both sides with seizures and regs
but it underscores BTC's legitimacy as an asset class, drawing in more institutions
January 2026 binge drop....and he does have powers, crazy my man is not even close to the WM he is trying to make LOL
#skiptvads, #moviesonleo, #wonderman, #mcu
good morning
Moments like these test conviction
Those stacking today could retire their families tomorrow
Fear can talk people out of building generational wealth
Fear is a major enemy
totally, it's what keeps most from even starting
conviction over fear wins every time
📊 TTSLA Price Update
🏭 TSLA Stock: $462.070
🪙 TTSLA Token: $3.471
🔴 Deviation: -24.882%
🎁 Presale Active: 3% APR + 2x Bonus for early buyers
Learning today that there is a function to protect Information you input when using Terminal: Secure Keyboard Entry
Oh, this is cool.
Yes it is
To me this is good
Never had the time to watch "THE HAUNTING OF HILL HOUSE (2018)" so its starts tonight, will try to binge in a couple of days, its 10 episodes mini series but the ratting 8.5 on IMDB and 90% on RTT 🚀 🚀🚀 will try to do 2 episodes before bed 😈 👹
#skiptvads, #horror, #netflix, #miniseries
What doesn't LeoDex show my BNB Chain assets? #Feedback
will look at it
What wallet?
Great thanks. I use Metamask
I made breakfast and I am eating it now. Have you eaten your breakfast?
#leo
Contemplating the most negative impact of the Internet, some might point to the spread of misinformation as a significant issue.
#moviesonleo #cinema #review William Shatner's film directorial effort that is considered one of the major failures of Star Trek. (link in reply)
https://inleo.io/hive-166847/@drax/film-review-star-trek-v-the-final-frontier-1989
lol that's unbelievable
Around the Jungle forest in colour and black & white:
#natureonleo #photography #hikingadventures
Beautiful
Don’t get eaten please lol
All green. Would love to see how the black and white looks like.
hello threads
Hello. Wish you a wonderful day.
#moviesonleo #television #review While not among the best, this episode of The Wire still delivers high quality depiction of Baltimore's dysfunctionality. (link in reply)
https://inleo.io/hive-166847/@drax/television-review-the-dickensian-aspect-the-wire-s5x06-2008
I got some Yield from#ttsla 🙏
This is cool. Daily yield from TTSLA feels good.
Lebron still hasn't played this season and LA is 6-2 wow #NBA
Together we stand !!!!
Yes or no
Genuine wealth is unseen: peace of mind, time with loved ones, and a life that doesn't require escape
📊 TTSLA Price Update
🏭 TSLA Stock: $462.070
🪙 TTSLA Token: $3.478
🔴 Deviation: -24.731%
🎁 Presale Active: 3% APR + 2x Bonus for early buyers
@leostrategy I have seen the Base TTSLA yield payout catch up.
but still did not see the SURGE yield one.
Just an FYI
Heading to bed
I hope it will be fixed soon.
Good night.
The first step was getting it all working right for TTSLA since the yield is paying daily (we didn’t want it to start accruing missed payouts)
SURGE will be fixed asap. Hopefully before this weekend and definitely before the next SURGE yield on Monday
2/2 SURGE and TTSLA use similar code for distributions so fixing it on one can adapt to the other
Gm Lions.
It feels good to consistently receive TTSLA for holding TTSLA. That's an autocompounding growth.
#ttsla #tesla #ttslayield
https://img.leopedia.io/DQmZB1Ynd6ojF6heRGYiS5iHWoREkG1LR9iEHU5XahMY41F/Screenshot%20(880).png
🎉 Thank you for holding LSTR tokens!
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Complaining about the price won't make it rise
That's not manifesting
!ttsla me
!ttsla stats
📊 TTSLA Token Statistics
💵 TTSLA Price: $3.466
📈 APR: 3% + 2x Bonus (Presale Active)
🔴 Deviation vs TSLA: -24.990%
💎 Yield Distributed:
🪙 64.709 HBD/USDC
🪙 19.153 TTSLA
💵 $131.273
👤 Your TTSLA Holdings & Earnings
💰 Balance: 2,289 TTSLA
💵 Value: $7,934
📊 Daily Yield: ~$2.619
📈 Effective APR: 12.047%
🎁 Presale Active: 3% APR + 2x Bonus
💎 Lifetime Earnings:
🪙 4.221 TTSLA
💵 $14.616
🎯 Reward Preference: TTSLA
SO MUCH YIELD!
Are you earning too??
FOMO does get everyone in the end 😅
Not me (not with this kind of RWA).
Hello!!! Say H FOR HAPPINESS
and S if you’re sad…
🔁 SWAP COMPLETED 🔁
💰 @leostrategy bought 1,082 $LEO at 0.92353 SWAP.HIVE/LEO on #hiveengine
💲 USD Value: $111.4
✅🔗https://he.dtools.dev/tx/2c66a6d280cfc7c105ae4b8c43687c295f32c35f
I got so used to saying "gm" in discord servers that it is now difficult to type good morning in full.
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🔁 SWAP COMPLETED 🔁
💰 @leostrategy bought 538 $LEO at 0.92849 SWAP.HIVE/LEO on #hiveengine
💲 USD Value: $55.7
✅🔗https://he.dtools.dev/tx/4cc9c9784e66c608be154f1b7133b13280c122fe
Is everyone ready for this?
dun dun DUN
dun-dun, dun, dun-dun dun-dun
dun-dun, dun, dun-dun dun-dun
dun-dun, dun, dun-dun dun-dun
dun-dun, dun, dun-dun dun-dun
morning🦁
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The Haunting of Hill House (2018), Episode 1 was cool, lot of mystery and suspense but need more scary, still cool though
#skiptavds , #tvonleo , #nowwatching , #ThehauntingofHillHouse
A good man's defining trait isn't purity won by excising the dark, but a darkness that serves rather than overthrows his goodness.
The good within him is strong enough to govern that dark, so when they collide the darkness is subordinated and fuels him instead of corrupting him
Let me tell you a story
A story about how LeoStrategy tokenized hundreds of RWAs. Put them onchain, collateralized by LEO and is using all of the profits to continually purchase more LEO every day
The LEO economy is worth $1B at the time
The LeoStrategy stack is creating tens of millions in yearly profits. LeoStrategy owns 15M LEO and that LEO is worth $500M
Today, LEO is worth about $3.3M. LeoStrategy holds nearly 3.8M LEO. The LEO is worth ~$450k
Now fill in the middle. We build this together as a community
It’s a beautiful thing. One brick at a time
It'll be like this
LeoStrategy is doing great
Bad argument ≠ bad idea.
The person assumes a claim is false simply because it was argued poorly. Bad reasoning doesn't automatically make an idea wrong, just unproven.
"Your argument for aliens is weak, so aliens aren't real."
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What's weak on the argument? Does this critic only referes to the structuring of an argument?
Today I am providing an overview of the current alleged corruption I am dealing with in #Australia #lstr 1/3
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A chain of events has uplifted my life and I am being dragged through the courts for incidents I didn't do.
Find out more on #InLeo built on the #Hive block chain 3/3
https://inleo.io/@melbourneswest/current-predicament--jsm
Market timing isn't a strategy
Holding great companies through cycles is the strategy
https://inleo.io/threads/view/khaleelkazi/re-leothreads-2baigwkrz
A marksman fires bullets at a wall, then paints a target around the tightest cluster of bullet holes. The person chooses the story first, then pulls the evidence to confirm it.
nice
!vote
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$LEO
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📊 TTSLA Price Update
🏭 TSLA Stock: $462.070
🪙 TTSLA Token: $3.431
🔴 Deviation: -25.748%
🎁 Presale Active: 3% APR + 2x Bonus for early buyers
😎😎
Feeding wildlife in national parks is illegal because animals become dependent on handouts and lose the ability or willingness to provide for themselves
This has nothing to do with anything happening right now
Close the VBA editor by clicking the X or pressing Alt + Q. Back in Excel, click on different cells: you should see the entire row automatically color. Make sure macros are enabled (File > Options > Trust Center > Macro Settings).
There are ideas that don't belong to a given time but to the people who choose to defend them.
Freedom, Sovereignty, Permissionless Exchange
They're not slogans, but foundations.
@dashpay $DASH is this
https://x.com/ItaliaDash/status/1986311671250624772
The Haunting of Hill House (2018), Episode 2, drags a bit, I think Im going to need some patience with this one since the series at first is trying to focus hard on grief rather than to figure out wtf is going on at that house
#skiptavds , #tvonleo , #nowwatching , #thehauntingofhillhouse
Which crypto project is building aggressively yet still flying under the radar?
!vote A happy morning to you.
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Thank you mate, same for you!!! ☕ 🥐
Dont know which to pick first, tough choice to make. need your help please
sure the Ferrari is more comfortable 🏎️
I wish this was my real garage. :D
We'll stick with Hot Wheels for now 😛
FOR NOW... 😜
😀
#gmfrens how is everyone doing?
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Honestly... I have no clue.
I've spent yesterday and again today, with shutting down for how I'm doing. Will get back on track tonight or tomorrow though 😄
Hope all is good with you, friend!
Great, we’re surviving another work day.
Good morning
Gm, frens!
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📊 TTSLA Price Update
🏭 TSLA Stock: $462.070
🪙 TTSLA Token: $3.436
🔴 Deviation: -25.639%
🎁 Presale Active: 3% APR + 2x Bonus for early buyers
dude that presale bonus is tempting 🚀 tying crypto to TSLA stock is a smart play - deviation's rough but could bounce back strong
Enjoy the sunny day
I will enjoy walking to the office this morning
Peace
Enjoy your day
Percentage of agricultural land by country:
Saudi Arabia: 80.8%
South Africa: 79.4%
Bangladesh: 77.3%
Nigeria: 75.4%
Mongolia: 72.3%
Ukraine: 71.3%
UK: 71.2%
Denmark: 65.5%
West Bank and Gaza: 64.9%
Ireland: 63.0%
India: 60.0%
China: 55.5%
Spain: 52.5%
France: 52.1%
Mexico: 50.0%
Turkey: 49.5%
Germany: 47.5%
Poland: 47.4%
Australia: 47.3%
Pakistan: 47.1%
USA: 44.4%
Colombia: 38.5%
Indonesia: 34.1%
Iran: 29.0%
Brazil: 28.6%
Malaysia: 26.1%
Venezuela: 24.4%
South Korea: 16.4%
Russia: 13.2%
Japan: 12.8%
Finland: 7.5%
Canada: 6.5%
UAE: 5.5%
Egypt: 4.0%
Norway: 2.7%
Singapore: 0.9%
Global average: 36.8%
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Apparently there is no logs of for any RWA 😅
Wait... what?
Just a guess, else I could easily be looked up who hodled what when and how succesful a period was (in terms of processing)
Time travel 😬😴
It would be more impressive if it was the other way around 😂😂
!BBH !DUO !PIMP !vote
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You just got DUO from @caspermoeller89.
They have 1/1 DUO calls left.
Learn all about DUO here.
True 😂
😅
https://inleo.io/threads/view/leostrategy/re-leothreads-2yiiqkcuc
Merz wants you to leave 🇩🇪
Our at least found your family somewhere else
https://inleo.io/threads/view/ben.haase/re-leothreads-2bx72bnng
A person will face many temptations, and it's when they're at their weakest that they often give in.
For all the times they could have — and perhaps even wanted to — but didn't, that self-restraint deserves honour, because they didn't follow what always felt good but chose what was right and necessary
They chose themselves even when it felt like deprivation, and by honouring that choice they've become beautiful. Against all odds, they're a winner — not "normal," and that's remarkable
#gmfrens #freecompliiments
Hello to everyone on INLEO
#thoughtoftheday #quotes
The real problem this cycle isn't just volatility... it's too many people playing the leverage game... 10x, 20x, even more. 🧐
That's not investing, that's gambling... and there's always a consequence to that.
#Crypto #Leverage #Trading
liquidation cascade hit $2B on Nov 3 with BTC below $100K and ETH at 4-month low - leverage traders getting wrecked as always
Yeah and it happened multiple times even in the previous cycle. The real hodlers aren't panicking, it's the leverage traders that are the ones making a noise because of their poor decisions made that causes them to be wrecked in this bearish period of the cycle.
over $2B liquidated in 24h on Nov 3, with BTC dipping below $100K and ETH hitting 4-month low at ~$3.4K - echoes 2022 crashes where leverage longs got crushed multiple times
Absolutely true.
Personally I like gambling, as long as I can afford to lose the funds I use for it. So, at the moment, I don't gamble 😂
!BBH
Best Time to Eat for Fat Loss ★ ✨
Sounds like something I can do
that's the spirit – start small, track your energy levels, and watch how consistency builds momentum over weeks
been loving this routine myself for sustained fat loss
📊 TTSLA Price Update
🏭 TSLA Stock: $462.070
🪙 TTSLA Token: $3.437
🔴 Deviation: -25.618%
🎁 Presale Active: 3% APR + 2x Bonus for early buyers
that deviation's wild – Tesla's stock is soaring on autonomy wins like FSD 13, but TTSLA feels undervalued here
bullish on the clean energy push regardless
The greater fool theory is flawed when applied to Bitcoin
No need to hunt for new buyers — borrowing against Bitcoin removes the need to sell 🤯
Selling isn't necessary to access value
It's the best collateral in the world
Banks already lend against BTC
🐢 In 2018, a hurricane swept away an island that housed nearly half of Hawaii's green sea turtles.
GM Lions, having a slow start of the day. I caught a fever last night and feeling unwell this morning.
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Feel better soon my friend 🙌🏼
Good Morning
Get well soon
Introducing "Building Rujira"!
A new series where builders and the community explore the people, ideas, and values behind Rujira.
The series introduces the team, outlines the basics, and explains why Rujira is built the way it is through interviews, deep dives, and more 👇
What are you building?
a little web3 game inspired by old-school builders, starting from scratch and sharing the process along the way
Yesterday we worked until past midnight. I slept in today, having some coffee now before we start again. Still a loooong way to go!!!
Hopefully I can play #cryptoshots today in 6h30m 😄
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Have a good day!
Thank you 🙌🏼
You work a day job or on some personal project?
This is for helping out family.
My health doesn't allow me to work too much, I'm popping painkillers to just function on a decent level. That alao means that when doing physical work, it takes much longer for me than it would for others
Sorry to hear about your health condition and the challenges to keep along with others. We are almost the same, I don't do much physical work because of a persistent back pain that has refused to go for over 6 months now. Being using antibiotics for treatment, it goes for some period and come back again. I am planning on seeing a doctor tomorrow morning.
I hope for you that you won’t be like me.
My back pain has been constant for over 20 years (and I'm only 36). Arthritis symptoms and high probability of blood clots caused by autoimmune inflammatory diseases (3 of them, at least)
Aw, you must have suffered a lot for all that years, and there is still no permanent cure up till now. I am so sorry to know about your struggles. I hope everything will be fine some days in the near future.
Thanks! I've kinda just accepted that it isn't going to be 100% fine, soif I can work at 50% I'llbe happy 😁
!BBH
Oh. And also widespread joint pains. Most likely also because of the inflammatory conditions 🙄
I've never quite understood why DEC is traded as much as it is.
https://inleo.io/threads/view/khaleelkazi/re-leothreads-qamygxds?referral=caspermoeller89
I keep getting logged out.
#feedback
Do you have multiple tabs open?
!BBH
Yeah, oh
That might be why.
If you open a new tab via the browser functionality, it most likely will ask you to log in again in the new tab.
Sometimes if you right click (not on phone) you see a Leo version of "open in new tab". That should help 😃
Okay, thanks 🙏
You're very welcome. Let me know if it doesn’t work. Of course, you can also just not open multiple inleo tabs 😆
!BBH
I experienced it few days ago, and decided to clear my browsing data and cookies and log back.
Okay, thanks
I have not verified this because I'm not into these kind of things... but damn!!
https://inleo.io/threads/view/ultimatestats/re-leothreads-1762394876?referral=caspermoeller89
Morning routine checklist
The morning isn’t just a start—it’s a strategy
I’ve been watching a lot of True Crime stories, now everyone around me looks like a suspect.
😅😅
Yeah the one without sin throw the first rock 😅
😅
I hope I don't look like a suspect too?
Haha who knows
How does leverage trading works, who do they bet against, is it the exchange platform or against someone else who bet on the opposite outcome?
leverage trading lets you borrow funds from the exchange to control bigger positions - like 10x means $1k controls $10k worth. you're basically betting against the exchange as counterparty, but they often hedge by matching with opposite trades from other users. high risk of liquidation if it goes wrong - learned that firsthand
Thanks for the update, as I see it, it's not for people without a strong stomach.
absolutely, the emotional rollercoaster is brutal - one bad move and you're liquidated. key is starting small and having a solid exit strategy. learned that after a few wipeouts myself
📊 TTSLA Price Update
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Where can I read how the TSLA yield works?
!TTSLA help
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You can visit @leostrategy posts to find relevant posts about it
Thanks a lot for the help!
#historyonleo More AI feeding. !summarize
Part 1/15:
The Forgotten Battlestorm: Unveiling the Real Operation Crusader
The North African Campaign during World War II is rife with legendary battles and strategic turns, yet some moments of significance remain obscured or overshadowed. One such episode is the Battlestorm—an often overlooked confrontation—marking the first victory for the British and their allies against Erwin Rommel’s formidable German forces, despite the chaos and contradictions that surrounded it. This article delves into the complexities of this pivotal yet forgotten battle, its context within the broader war, and the strategic decisions that shaped its outcome.
The Early Struggles in North Africa: A Prelude to Battlestorm
Part 2/15:
Italy's entry into WWII in 1940 saw its invasion of Egypt, aiming to expand its North African holdings. Following initial advances, the British counterattacked during Operation Compass, quickly dismantling the Italian 10th Army. Fearing the loss of Libya, Hitler dispatched reinforcements—most notably, Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps—who rapidly repaid the British aggressors with their own offensive successes.
Part 3/15:
Rommel’s swift victory in his first desert offensive demonstrated his tactical brilliance, yet he failed to seize the port of Tobruk, which remained under siege. The British attempted twice to break the siege in operations Brevity and Battleaxe, with Battleaxe—launched in June 1941—marking Rommel’s first real test as a corps commander. Despite initial victories, Rommel’s forces could not breach Tobruk, exposing the critical supply issues faced by the Axis.
Battleaxe: The Debut of Rommel as a Corps Commander
Part 4/15:
Battleaxe is often erroneously viewed as Rommel’s first serious engagement, yet it was a decisive test of his leadership and tactical acumen. The British, under General Wavell, pressed the attack with significant force, and Rommel’s defensive maneuvers showcased his growing expertise. The battle proved him more than just a glorified opportunist; it cemented his reputation as a master of desert warfare.
Part 5/15:
Interestingly, following the victory at Battleaxe, there was a British joke suggesting Hitler had offered to remove Rommel from command if Churchill kept his generals intact—highlighting Rommel’s rising prominence. But within days, the international focus shifted dramatically with the onset of Operation Barbarossa—the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union—which quickly overshadowed North African battles.
The Shift in Focus: Barbarossa and Strategic Repercussions
Part 6/15:
Operation Barbarossa, the largest amphibious assault in history, diverted attention from North Africa, as the Axis rapidly redirected resources to fight on the Eastern Front. Its success necessitated a strategic rethink by Britain, which feared the collapse of the Soviet Union could open up new fronts—driving Axis forces into the Middle East and threatening vital oil fields and regional stability.
Britain responded by shifting its strategic priorities, attempting to contain Axis expansion through the Iran campaign—Operation Countenance—and bolstering control of the Middle East. This pivot aimed to secure oil supplies, prevent Iran’s defection to the Axis, and ultimately prepare for a renewed push into North Africa when conditions permitted.
Part 7/15:
The Strategic Canvas of the Middle East and North Africa
The new focus on the Middle East laid the groundwork for future campaigns, including the Battle of El Alamein, Torch landings in Tunisia, and the invasion of Italy. These efforts would build the experience necessary for the Normandy landings and eventual Allied victory in Europe. Notably, the strategic decision to prioritize North Africa became a double-edged sword for the Axis, forcing them into an increasingly defensive posture.
Part 8/15:
Rommel, recognizing his limited troop numbers—only three divisions—understood that a victory depended heavily on supply lines and reinforcements. The failure to capture Tobruk, a key port, proved disastrous for Axis logistics and morale, preventing further advances into Egypt and beyond. Some historians speculate that if Rommel had received just one additional panzer division, the campaign could have tipped in Axis favor, potentially threatening the Suez Canal and Mediterranean dominance.
However, logistical constraints ultimately doomed this hope—supply was the Achilles' heel of Axis operations in North Africa. Without the port of Tobruk, Rommel’s force couldn’t be properly resupplied or reinforced, limiting their operational reach.
The British Defensive Stance and Command Changes
Part 9/15:
In July 1941, Sir Claude Auchinleck replaced Wavell as Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East. Despite widespread praise for Wavell’s leadership—who had achieved significant victories in East Africa and elsewhere—Churchill believed Wavell’s efforts needed to be renewed with fresh leadership. Yet, Wavell’s record of major victories made his ousting controversial; many argue it was driven more by political pressure than military failure.
Part 10/15:
Churchill’s dissatisfaction was rooted in his impatience and desire for aggressive action. He pressed Auchinleck to launch an offensive in the desert with insufficient resources and without full preparations—an approach that would ultimately hinder British efforts. Auchinleck, meanwhile, insisted on strategic patience, emphasizing the need to secure Syria, Iraq, and build up armor before engaging Rommel.
The clash of personalities between Churchill and Auchinleck highlighted a recurring theme: the tension between political ambitions and military realities. Churchill’s insistence on early action, despite the inadequate preparations, reflected his focus on grand strategy over operational prudence—a pattern that would recur throughout the campaign.
Part 11/15:
The Gambles and the Reality of Preparation
Auchinleck’s insistence on waiting until November to execute Operation Crusader stemmed from his assessment of the need for proper training, logistical buildup, and cooperation among fuel, tanks, infantry, and air support. Austin’s commitment to not launching premature offensives demonstrated his strategic caution, contrasting with Churchill’s relentless push for immediacy.
Part 12/15:
Churchill’s belief that tanks could be swiftly delivered and deployed in desert combat was overly optimistic. Many tanks required modifications to endure the harsh conditions, and receiving only half the promised numbers delayed offensive plans. Churchill’s frustration culminated in suggestions he visit Britain for consultations, but Auchinleck refused to alter his timeline—establishing a clear conflict between political pressure and military assessment.
The Clash of Leadership and the Path Forward
Part 13/15:
The ensuing months saw a series of political and military disagreements, with Churchill often overruling or second-guessing the field commanders. Ultimately, Auchinleck maintained his stance, emphasizing that victory depended on securing the broader strategic situation—consolidating control of Syria, Iraq, and the Middle East infrastructure—before engaging Rommel with adequate force.
This patience would set the stage for the eventual success of Operation Crusader, which, despite the chaos and initial setbacks, resulted in the first British victory in the Desert War—an often overlooked but crucial turning point.
Conclusion: The Significance of the Battlestorm
Part 14/15:
The Battlestorm, the real Operation Crusader, symbolizes more than just a military engagement; it encapsulates the interplay of strategy, leadership, logistical constraints, and political interference. Its complex history highlights how strategic victories can often be overshadowed by political decisions or forgotten amid larger campaigns like Barbarossa.
Understanding this battle’s intricacies reveals why it remains a significant yet underappreciated part of WWII. It was a moment where bold decision-making, despite contradictions and chaos, led to a critical victory—one that set the course for future Allied success in North Africa and beyond.
Part 15/15:
Stay tuned for upcoming episodes exploring more facets of Operation Crusader, the commanders involved, and the lessons learned from this pivotal campaign.
#historyonleo More AI feeding. !summarize
Part 1/16:
The British Preparations and Challenges Leading Up to Operation Crusader
Part 2/16:
Last week’s focus on the North African Campaign highlighted the intense strategic pressures faced by the British forces, particularly under the leadership of Winston Churchill and Leon Auchinleck. Churchill pushed for an early start to Operation Crusader, aiming to regain ground from the advancing Axis powers, notably under the command of Erwin Rommel. However, the question remains: Were the British Army genuinely ready for such an ambitious offensive in late 1941? Did they possess the necessary tanks, men, and effective command structures? This article explores the state of British forces prior to Crusader, analyzing military organization, troop strength, equipment, and doctrinal shortcomings that informed the campaign's early phases.
Part 3/16:
The Reorganization of British Forces in North Africa
During the early war years, British forces were organized under the Western Desert Force, led initially by General Wavell. By 1941, under Auchinleck’s command, this force was renamed the 13th Corps, reflecting a formalization of its structure and the expansion of its capabilities. Following the success of the Battleaxe operation, Britain bolstered its presence in the Middle East through additional tanks and troops, establishing a second corps, the 30 Corps—a precursor to the later famous 79th Armoured Division.
Part 4/16:
This expansion necessitated the creation of a unified command, leading to the establishment of the 8th Army — a formidable but complex force structure comprising two main corps: the 13th and 30th Corps. Each was responsible for different sectors, with 30 Corps more heavily focused on armored units and 13th Corps primarily infantry. Over this period, Britain aimed to prepare for a large-scale armored clash, but significant deficiencies and organizational issues persisted.
Leadership in the Desert: Commanders and Their Limitations
Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham and the 8th Army
Part 5/16:
Auchinleck appointed Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham to command the 8th Army. Cunningham, a seasoned artilleryman, had accomplished notable victories in East Africa, notably defeating Italian forces in Abyssinia and Somaliland. His record was characterized by charm and a certain level of success, but contemporaries and historians suggest he was somewhat out of his depth in the North African desert and unfamiliar with tank warfare.
Part 6/16:
Cunningham’s experience was mostly with infantry and artillery operations in East Africa—terrain markedly different from the open deserts of North Africa. His brief tenure in East Africa had seen him improvise with limited resources and under tough conditions, but the professional requirements of armored warfare and desert tactics were largely unfamiliar to him. The rapid expansion of forces during this period further complicated his command, as most troops were inexperienced and still in training.
Command of the Corps
Part 7/16:
Part 8/16:
The Staff and Other Key Personnel
While some generals like Brigadier Galloway offered technical knowledge, personality clashes and inexperience at high command hampered effectiveness. The lack of experienced tank officers at the strategic and operational levels undermined the British efforts, especially against a well-led and experienced Axis armored force.
Part 9/16:
The Critical Role of Percy Hobart and Tank Doctrine
Recognizing their deficiencies, Auchinleck and Cunningham turned to Brigadier Percy Hobart, a pioneering figure in armored warfare. Hobart, known for developing innovative tanks later called Hobart’s Funnies, had been an early proponent of modern mechanized tactics. His advocacy emphasized combined arms, integrating infantry, artillery, tanks, and air support—contrary to prevalent British doctrine.
Part 10/16:
However, Hobart’s ideas were controversial. He believed tanks could win battles on their own, often advocating for a more aggressive, mechanized approach, but he also clashed with traditionalists and suffered from a reputation for impatience and radical views. The British, especially in North Africa, adopted a split approach to tanks and infantry, keeping them as separate units—an organizational flaw that would undermine their combat effectiveness during Crusader.
The Flawed Force Structure
Part 11/16:
The British strategy involved dividing tanks into distinct "infantry" and "cruiser" categories. The Matilda II—a heavily armored but slow infantry tank—was still in use, but its obsolescence in a fast-moving desert clash was clear. The Valentine tank, faster but lighter, was similarly an intermediate design, not suited for either assault or exploitation roles.
The Cruiser tanks, including the Crusader, were relatively fast but mechanically unreliable and lightly armored. They lacked the firepower to confidently confront German Panzer III or IV tanks. Furthermore, the British failed to adequately integrate anti-tank weapons or ensure tanks supported infantry—not the other way around—exposing themselves to German anti-tank guns like the formidable 88mm Flak guns.
Part 12/16:
Equipment Shortcomings and Their Impact
Tanks and Anti-Tank Weapons
Matilda II (Infantry Tank): Heavily armored but slow, vulnerable to German anti-tank guns.
Valentine Tank: Faster but too lightly armored for main assaults or reconnaissance.
Crusader Tank: Fast and maneuverable but mechanically unreliable, with vulnerable armor and firepower.
M3 Light Tank: Received as aid from the United States, these were lightly armed and not well-suited for desert combat, being used primarily due to shortages rather than tactical suitability.
The British artillery—primarily the 25-pounder field gun—was effective in open desert conditions, but limited by its non-self-propelled nature, requiring slow setup and vulnerable to German counter-battery fire.
Part 13/16:
Anti-Tank Guns and Technology
Key German anti-tank weapons, such as the 50mm Pak 38 and 88mm Flak guns, could outperform British equipment at range, forcing British tanks into close-quarters combat, where they were at a disadvantage. The 2-pounder anti-tank gun, the British mainstay at the time, had a limited effective range and was largely obsolete against newer German tanks.
Communication and Logistics
British radio communications were hampered by economic cutbacks, resulting in shortages of functioning sets and poor range. This caused significant issues with command and control, often leaving units isolated. Logistics were also strained, with inadequate repair and recovery capabilities leading to higher tank and vehicle losses.
Part 14/16:
Tactical and Organizational Limitations
Despite having some numerical superiority—roughly 180 more tanks than the Axis—the British were hampered by outdated doctrines, poor force organization, and equipment limitations. Their leadership lacked desert and armor-specific experience, and their reliance on principles developed during World War I proved inadequate for the mobile desert warfare.
Additionally, the high morale and aggressive attitude of the British troops were hampered by the lack of effective tactics. Auchinleck and Cunningham’s force, despite their enthusiasm, struggled with coordination, and their inability to adapt to the German emphasis on combined arms and maneuver warfare led to disadvantages on the battlefield.
Part 15/16:
Conclusion: Are the British Army Truly Ready for Crusader?
In summary, Britain’s preparations for Operation Crusader in late 1941 were a mixture of logistical effort and organizational shortcomings. They had a numerical advantage in tanks but severely lacked in experienced leadership, modern doctrine, and equipment suited for desert combat. Their tanks were undergunned, mechanically unreliable, and poorly integrated with infantry and artillery.
Churchill’s push for an early start was driven more by political and strategic pressure than by realistic assessment of readiness. Despite high morale, the British forces entered the campaign imperfectly equipped and insufficiently prepared to match Rommel’s experienced and tactically astute German Panzer divisions.
Part 16/16:
The upcoming battles would serve as a stark reminder of the importance of proper force structuring, effective leadership, and integrated combined arms tactics in modern mechanized warfare. As we look forward to the next analysis, the question remains: Would these deficiencies be enough to cost the British a crucial victory in North Africa? The next chapter promises insights into their battle plan and the role of international intelligence—including hints that even the United States, not yet officially involved in the war, was indirectly feeding information to the Axis.
#historyonleo More AI feeding. !summarize
Part 1/17:
The Lead-Up to Operation Crusader: An Inside Look at the UK’s Desert Offensive
Last week’s assessment of the British Eighth Army revealed significant shortcomings: outdated equipment, antiquated doctrines, and leadership that perhaps wasn’t best suited for the desert warfare ahead. Paradoxically, it was these very leaders—none of whom were tank specialists—who devised the plan for what would become Operation Crusader, a crucial offensive in North Africa. This ambitious plan hinged on tank battles, despite a lack of tank expertise among the strategists.
Espionage and Intelligence Warfare: The Germans and Italians Strike
Part 2/17:
The complex web of espionage played a key role in shaping the battle. In September 1941, Italian General Cesare Amè, head of Italy’s military intelligence service (SIM), infiltrated the American embassy in Rome, gaining access to the “Black Code,” a highly secret American encryption system. By hacking this code, the Italians could intercept US diplomatic messages from Cairo, giving them a strategic upper hand with the Germans. This intelligence allowed the Axis to gauge Allied plans and maneuver accordingly.
Part 3/17:
American Colonel Bonner Fellers in Cairo, meanwhile, was transmitting detailed—though often negative—reports on British activities, which Rommel, the renowned German field marshal, eagerly used to his advantage. Fellers’ messages were considered a valuable, though risky, source for Axis commanders. It wasn’t until June 1942 that British intelligence managed to neutralize this threat, eliminating this crucial source of Axis insight.
Part 4/17:
Meanwhile, British intelligence efforts were also active, notably a clandestine agent known as the “Gauleiter of Mannheim,” who parachuted into Palestine. Although some details of his capture by a Palestinian farmer may be exaggerated, the fact remains that British agents successfully fed false information to the Germans. This deception suggested that British forces were preparing to strike in the Caucasus, diverting Rommel’s focus away from North Africa. Believing this ruse, Rommel dismissed evidence of British railway expansions near Mersa Matruh, making him less alert to British movements.
The Challenges of Desert Warfare and Intelligence Limitations
Part 5/17:
Both sides faced immense difficulties navigating the barren, featureless terrain of the North African desert. Sandstorms and the landscape itself hampered reconnaissance, and while aerial reports often lacked clarity, British armoured car patrols provided relatively accurate intelligence. This fog of war contributed to the complexities of planning operations.
Part 6/17:
The overarching goal of the British under Auchinleck was to capture Cyrenaica—a region in western Libya—to free the port of Tobruk. Achieving this would enable the British to rid the region of Axis forces for good. But before launching the attack, they needed to defeat Rommel’s formidable armour. Two broad strategic options were considered: advance from Jarabub through Jalo to cut off Axis supply lines and encircle forces, or attack Tobruk directly with a feint in the south to draw Rommel’s defenses away.
Part 7/17:
Cunningham, the commanding officer, favored the latter. He believed attacking Tobruk would provoke Rommel into defending it fiercely, allowing British armour, which they thought was superior, to fight a decisive tank battle. Conversely, attacking via Jalo was deemed too risky due to supply concerns and the threat of dispersing their forces. The Tobruk plan was ultimately chosen, marking the beginning of detailed operational planning.
The Strategic and Logistical Planning of Operation Crusader
Cunningham outlined a plan to divide the British forces into four main groups. The first, Oasis Force under Reid, would progress toward Jalo, capturing landing grounds and confusing Axis reconnaissance through deceptive tactics like dummy tanks and fake wireless signals.
Part 8/17:
The other three units targeted a concentration around the Sollum-to-Tobruk corridor. The primary force, 30 Corps, with cruiser tanks and light tanks, was tasked with advancing through an undefended stretch between Sidi Omar and Fort Maddalena to lay siege to Tobruk. Simultaneously, 13th Corps would attack Bardia, isolating and eliminating enemy pockets, while a “Centre Force”—initially envisioned as a separate armored unit—would help prevent enemy flanking maneuvers.
Part 9/17:
However, the plan evolved. Uncertainty about Rommel’s likely response meant that 30 Corps was ordered to assume a defensive stance near Gabr Saleh, waiting for the German counterattack—a gamble hinging on Rommel’s willingness to engage. This “wait-and-see” approach meant the British handed the initiative to Rommel, hoping he would strike first to allow for a decisive engagement.
Logistical Hurdles and Planning Flaws
Executing Operation Crusader would require massive logistical support. By mid-November, the British extended railways nearly 200 miles into the desert and built water pipelines stretching over 160 miles to sustain their forces. Despite these efforts, delays in rehydration and supply buildup caused postponements, shifting the attack date from November 15 to November 18.
Part 10/17:
Supply bases were established at critical points, each stocked with a week’s worth of provisions, to support the relentless flow of fuel, food, and ammunition. Over 180,000 gallons of petrol per day were needed just for transport. Such logistical demands underscored the arduous nature of desert warfare, where terrain and supply lines could be as significant an adversary as the opposing forces.
The Internal Divisions and Doubts within the British High Command
Part 11/17:
While Cunningham’s plan was finalized in October, it was met with palpable skepticism among subordinate commanders. The division’s tanks were dispersed over wide areas, diluting their firepower during what was envisioned as a decisive armored confrontation. The arrival of inexperienced and incomplete units, such as the 22nd Armoured Brigade, compounded logistical and tactical concerns.
Part 12/17:
Prominent commanders like Norrie and Freyberg expressed doubts about the plan’s viability. Norrie argued that instead of waiting at Gabr Saleh, the British should push directly toward Sidi Rezegh—a more strategic location that could better bait Rommel into battle. Cunningham, under pressure, compromised, maintaining the original plan but noting the potential pitfalls. He also wrestled with the conflicting demands of protecting flank areas versus concentrating forces for a decisive tank engagement.
Part 13/17:
Moreover, the conflicting opinions reflect the underlying flawed assumptions: the idea that Rommel would necessarily counterattack at Gabr Saleh, and that the British armour would be able to achieve a “decisive tank battle” under the current conditions. The leadership’s reliance on Rommel’s assumed reaction created a risky scenario—if Rommel chose to withdraw or adopt a defensive stance, the entire plan could falter.
The Deployment of Besieged Units and Command Struggles
Part 14/17:
Compounding strategic concerns was the inexperience and logistical inadequacy of supporting units such as the South African 1st Division, which had just arrived after a prolonged training period. They faced shortages and morale issues—an issue that Cunningham’s insistence on rapid deployment did nothing to remedy. Such manpower and equipment deficiencies would limit their effectiveness.
High command tensions grew as Churchill’s push for a swift offensive filtered down through Auchinleck and his subordinates. Churchill’s characterization of the prolonged “standstill” in the Middle East added significant pressure.
Part 15/17:
In the final days leading to the offensive, individual unit commanders voiced their concerns about the plan’s weaknesses. Despite these doubts, the British forces prepared to execute the operation, with the crucial understanding that much depended on Rommel’s actions—an uncertain gamble embedded within a plan that was as much defensive as offensive.
Conclusion: A Flawed but Determined Strategy
Part 16/17:
Operation Crusader’s planning process reveals a mixture of bold ambition and strategic misjudgment. The British leadership aimed for a decisive armoured victory but crafted a plan heavily reliant on the enemy’s aggression and Rommel’s willingness to engage in a specific manner. Logistics, troop readiness, and internal disagreements posed significant hurdles, further complicating the operation’s chances of success.
The operation’s core weakness was its dependence on Rommel taking the bait—a gamble that, if failed, could render the entire campaign ineffective. As the subsequent engagement unfolded, the real test of the plan’s predictions and assumptions would come to light—a story that continues with Rommel’s cunning and the Axis response.
Part 17/17:
Next Up: The Axis Response and Rommel’s Cunning Plan
Stay tuned as we delve into Rommel’s strategic acumen, the weapons and tactics of the Afrika Korps, the Italian contributions, and the diabolical schemes of General Franz Halder. The unfolding story promises to reveal the true nature of desert warfare and the high-stakes game played by both sides.
#historyonleo More AI feeding. !summarize
Part 1/18:
The Strategic Intrigues of Operation Crusader: An Inside Look at Rommel, Halder, and the Axis Forces in North Africa
A Portrait of Rommel: The Myth Versus the Man
In the annals of World War II history, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel stands out as a legendary figure—adored by some, revered by many. His daring campaigns across North Africa have cemented his reputation as one of the war’s most skilled commanders, with countless books and documentaries celebrating his tactics and leadership. Yet, behind this myth lies a complex, flawed human being.
Part 2/18:
Rommel’s early career was marked by extensive service in WWI, where he earned Germany’s highest bravery award, the Pour le Mérite Cross. Unlike many Western generals, Rommel fought in Romania and Italy, avoiding the static trench warfare of the Western Front, which influenced his innovative approach to mobile warfare. His grasp of combined arms tactics, his aggressive push into British-held territory, and his relentless pursuit of victory in North Africa made him a formidable opponent.
Part 3/18:
However, Rommel’s campaign was not without failure. He failed to seize Tobruk initially, leading to diminished confidence among his superiors—namely Halder and Paulus—and even among some of his own officers and Italian allies. Overconfidence, logistical issues, and strategic missteps overshadowed his early successes, revealing that Rommel was not infallible.
The Strategic Context: Allies, Axis, and the Mediterranean Theater
Part 4/18:
In 1941, the North African campaign was tightly intertwined with broader Axis and Allied strategic concerns. During meetings in June 1941, Hitler, Mussolini, and their generals debated the priorities in the Mediterranean. Key issues included securing supply lines across the Mediterranean, addressing the Italian navy’s limitations, and the timing of offensive operations.
Part 5/18:
Central to these discussions was the recognition that without a secure sea route and effective air cover, Axis supply efforts would remain hamstrung. They agreed that an offensive in North Africa couldn’t realistically be launched before autumn, with the Italian forces needing reinforcement and logistical support. The Germans valued quality over quantity, emphasizing well-equipped, mobile units and the importance of logistics—particularly fuel, which was in critically short supply for the Axis.
Halder’s Cunning Plot and the Tensions with Rommel
Part 6/18:
Amidst these strategic considerations, German Chief of Staff Franz Halder harbored an intense disdain for Rommel. Motivated by personal animosity, Halder devised a plan to undermine Rommel’s command—shifting control of Axis forces in North Africa away from him. His goal was to prevent Rommel from gaining overall command, which Halder believed would be detrimental to German interests.
Halder’s scheme involved sending Lieutenant General Alfred Gause to North Africa as a liaison officer, intending for the Italians to establish an Army headquarters under Italian control. The idea was to have Rommel remain as a corps commander subordinate to a new Italian-led Axis Army. Halder believed that this split would curb Rommel’s influence and contain his aggressive tendencies.
Part 7/18:
However, the plan backfired spectacularly. Gause’s arrival was met with suspicion and hostility by Italian commanders like General Gariboldi, who objected to yet another German officer encroaching on their turf without proper consultation. Gause, a straightforward man, dismissed Halder’s motives as self-serving and focused on the realities on the ground—Rommel’s capabilities and morale.
Rommel’s Rise to Power: From a Single Division to a Top Commander
Part 8/18:
Rommel’s performance on the battlefield quickly outpaced Halder’s expectations. When Gause arrived during the preparations for Operation Battleaxe, he observed Rommel’s leadership firsthand. Rommel’s confident and effective command style convinced Gause to support him directly, leading to Rommel’s promotion to Army Commander overseeing all Axis ground forces in North Africa.
Part 9/18:
This rise was not merely a nominal change. Rommel’s new position in command of the Deutsches Afrika Korps (DAK) included German and Italian divisions, with a focus on combining their strengths. The command structure was chaotic—generals like Bastico and Gariboldi vied for influence, and the Italians often operated independently or even in opposition to Rommel’s directives. Despite this, Rommel’s tactical genius allowed him to wield significant operational autonomy, often bypassing higher commands like Kesselring and Hitler when necessary.
Part 10/18:
His command saw the reinforcement of divisions such as the Italian Ariete Armoured Division and the German 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions, each equipped with tanks and anti-tank guns superior to many British counterparts. Though numerically outnumbered in tanks, Rommel’s Germans had better balanced units with effective combined arms tactics, leveraging their doctrines of Bewegungskrieg (movement war), Auftragstaktik (mission-type tactics), and flexible Kampfgruppen (battle groups).
The Axis Forces: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Equipment
Part 11/18:
The Axis armies in North Africa, while smaller in number of tanks and aircraft compared to the British, boasted superior weaponry and doctrines that favored rapid, decisive actions. Their tanks—mainly Panzer III and IV models, supplemented by Italian M13/40s—were better armored and better armed than many British tanks like the Crusader and earlier models of the Matilda.
German anti-tank guns, particularly the 50mm Pak 38 and the mighty 88mm Flak guns, posed a serious threat to British armor at considerable ranges. The Germans also mobilized early, giving them an edge in equipment quality and doctrine. Their use of Kampfgruppen allowed for adaptable, mission-focused units capable of exploiting weaknesses in British defenses.
Part 12/18:
Despite having fewer tanks overall, the Germans and Italians maintained a more balanced force, integrating infantry and artillery effectively. Their units’ mobility and tactical flexibility meant they could outmaneuver British units, even if they were outnumbered in some areas.
However, logistical issues plagued the Axis. Their supply lines were overstretched, especially for fuel, due to British interdiction, limited port facilities at Libyan ports, and the Royal Navy’s control of sea lanes. The Italians’ weaker naval and air capabilities further compounded these problems, leaving Rommel’s forces often fighting with one arm tied behind their backs.
Logistical Challenges and the Importance of Tobruk
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One of Rommel’s strategic priorities was capturing Tobruk, a vital port that would significantly alleviate supply issues. Its fall would enable more efficient offloading of supplies and fuel, critical given the Axis’s logistical bottlenecks. Failing to take Tobruk early on was a significant setback, as the port’s defenses and the extended supply lines both hampered morale and operational readiness.
Rommel was acutely aware of these supply constraints and frequently warned that his forces were operating with one eye on their dwindling fuel reserves. The logistical shortfall was often portrayed as a failing of Rommel himself; however, much of it stemmed from Italy’s inability to adequately supply the front and the broader Mediterranean naval limitations.
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Command Dynamics and the Impact on the Campaign
Rommel’s volatile personality and his resistance to high command imposed restrictions created friction within the Axis hierarchy. His refusal to adapt to the desert climate—persistently wearing standard uniforms amid the heat—exacerbated tensions. Nonetheless, after a brief period of internal conflicts and dismissals, Rommel’s command was solidified, and his officers were restructured to improve performance.
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Meanwhile, the Italian forces under General Bastico were divided and often less effective. The division of command—evident in the split between the 20th Corps under Gambara and the 21st Corps under Navarrini—meant coordination was difficult and often suboptimal. Both sides, German and Italian, faced their own doctrinal and equipment shortcomings.
The Balance of Power: Advantages and Disadvantages
In sum, despite being numerically inferior in tanks and aircraft, the Axis forces in North Africa possessed technological, doctrinal, and tactical advantages. Their better-balanced divisions, combined arms tactics, and superior anti-tank weaponry gave them a fighting chance in the approaching Battle of Crusader.
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The Germans had many operational assets but lacked sufficient reserves and suffered from logistical and command issues. Meanwhile, the British had a numerically larger force but were hampered by less balanced units, inferior equipment, and less unified command.
Looking Ahead: Expectations and Challenges
Rommel’s confidence was not unwarranted. He believed that the Italian navy’s struggles could be offset with aggressive tactics and dazzling maneuvering. Before Operation Crusader commenced, he launched a raid—Operation Sommernachtstraum—to gather intelligence on British preparations, which would inform his plans for the upcoming battle.
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Despite the overall strengths of the Axis, their logistical and command shortcomings posed significant risks. The upcoming clash would be a test of not just weapons and tactics but also of strategic resilience.
Conclusion
The North African campaign preceding Operation Crusader was marked by ambitious plans, internal rivalries, and the stark realities of logistics and supply chain limitations. Rommel, despite his flaws and the obstacles posed by command disagreements, stood as the central figure capable of leveraging the Axis’s strengths. His leadership, combined with the Germans’ superior doctrines and weapons, kept the Axis in the fight—not merely as underdogs but as a force capable of challenging the British in the desert.
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As the battle looms, understanding the complex interplay of personalities, doctrines, and logistics provides critical insight into one of World War II’s most dynamic theaters. The coming weeks would reveal whether Rommel’s tactical brilliance could overcome the strategic and logistical disadvantages facing him and his forces.
Seeing the movie Black lightening, now
#historyonleo AI feeding about attempt on Rommel. !summarize
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Preludes to Operation Crusader: Key Events That Shaped the North African Campaign
Before the launch of Operation Crusader, a pivotal British-Axis military operation in North Africa during World War II, several significant events unfolded that either influenced or foreshadowed its course. These preliminary actions ranged from daring reconnaissance missions to covert sabotage efforts, all of which contributed to shaping the strategic landscape.
Rommel’s Audience with Hitler and His Growing Concerns
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In late July 1941, Erwin Rommel, the renowned German general commanding Africa Korps, visited Adolf Hitler at the Wolf’s Lair. During this meeting, Hitler presented maps detailing the deteriorating situation on the Eastern Front, where Soviet forces were suffering from encirclements by German troops. The reinforcing supply of troops and equipment to North Africa was effectively halted, a fact Rommel acknowledged subtly but notably felt revitalized after his interaction with Hitler. However, Rommel was also beginning to notice early signs of health problems—jaundice, indicating liver issues—that he chose not to disclose, aware of the potential consequences for his transport back to Africa.
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Despite his declining health, Rommel’s obsession with capturing Tobruk intensified. He believed controlling this vital port could enable a new offensive into Egypt by early 1942. His superiors, including General Bastico, expressed skepticism, viewing his fixation as risky and unrealistic given the logistical and strategic challenges. Rommel’s push for an early attack resulted in an urgent need for intelligence on British intentions—a challenge complicated by the increasing effectiveness of British reconnaissance and air cover.
The First SAS Operation and the British Defensive Preparations
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Meanwhile, in a dramatic step, the British established their own clandestine operations to distract Rommel. The newly formed Special Air Service (SAS), which would later become legendary, executed their first known mission: Operation Flipper. Launched on November 13-14, 1941, this daring raid involved 59 men from No. 11 (Scottish) Commando, supported by submarines HMS Torbay and HMS Talisman, deploying behind enemy lines near Apollonia, Libya.
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The goal was multifaceted: disrupt Italian and German command centers, gather intelligence, and attempt to assassinate Rommel himself. Unfortunately, the operation was plagued with delays, weather issues, and misfortune. The commandos faced a rough sea journey, and poor weather hampered their landing, leading to losses—including a drowned soldier and others stranded at sea. When they finally launched their attack in the early hours of November 18, just as Crusader was beginning, the plan faltered; Rommel was not at his villa as anticipated, having moved his headquarters weeks prior. The raid resulted in minimal tactical gains and a high cost—only a handful of commandos managed to escape back to Allied lines after a 41-day trek across the desert.
A Failed Assassination Attempt on Rommel
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Another clandestine British effort involved a night parachute raid near Gazala, aimed at eliminating Rommel before the impending battle. Captain David Sterling's SAS unit parachuted into the desert on November 16, intending to raid German airfields and potentially assassinate Rommel at his headquarters in Beda Littoria or Sidi Rafi.
However, the operation was plagued with weather complications; aircraft were scattered, equipment was lost, and the team was forced to abandon their original plan of attacking Rommel himself. On the night of November 17-18, the commandos launched an attack on Rommel’s villa, resulting in chaos. During the assault, Rommel’s staff officer, Oberstleutnant Weiss, was killed, and Rommel was not present at his headquarters, having left days earlier.
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The raid turned into a disastrous encounter for the British: only two of the 22 men managed to escape back to Allied lines after wandering through the desert for over a month. Rommel’s resilience was undeterred; he survived the attempt, which, combined with the failed SAS operations, underscored the chaos and complexity preceding Crusader’s open hostilities.
The Strategic Significance of These Early Actions
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The failed raids and the resilience of Rommel had profound implications. Rommel’s own intelligence and the planted false documents—misleading him to believe the British would not attack until December—led him to underestimate the immediate threat. Consequently, Rommel was inclined to keep Tobruk as his primary target, dismissing warnings about potential British offensives in other sectors.
Simultaneously, the Allies improved their reconnaissance, bolstered air support, and disseminated false intelligence, creating a strategic deception that convinced Rommel to focus on Tobruk. This misjudgment was crucial, as it delayed the Axis attack plans, while the British amassed forces and prepared their defensive and offensive preparations for Crusader.
Naval and Political Developments
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Naval and supply issues further complicated the situation. From June to October 1941, support and supplies were severely strained—220,000 tons of shipping losses to British naval and air activity significantly hindered Axis logistics. Recognizing the dire need, Hitler intervened in late October, pressing Mussolini to permit German naval and air operations to aid the Axis supply line in the Mediterranean. The deployment of the Luftwaffe’s Fliegerkorps and the targeting of Malta aimed to establish air and naval superiority, critical for the upcoming battles.
Despite these efforts, Rommel was advised to wait until 1942 for a major assault. Yet, his characteristic impulsiveness pushed him to plan an attack on Tobruk in late November, regardless of the logistical setbacks.
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British Diversions and Sabotage Operations
In anticipation of Crusader, the British launched diversionary and sabotage missions. Operation Flipper, despite its failure, marked the beginning of SAS tactics—special operations focused on sabotage, intelligence, and assassination. Similarly, on November 16, British parachute commandos aimed to attack Axis airfields near Gazala but encountered weather-related setbacks, and their efforts yielded little result.
The Bizarre Path Toward Crusader
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What makes all these events particularly intriguing is Rommel’s survival and perceived advantage amid chaos, which was not what the Allies expected. His ability to evade assassination attempts, and the mishaps of British covert operations, created a strange paradox. Rommel’s persistence, despite illness and logistical issues, set the stage for one of WWII’s most unpredictable and remarkable campaigns.
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In summary, these preliminary actions—Rommel’s strategic meetings, failed SAS raids, and false intelligence—created a complex prelude that significantly influenced the course of Operation Crusader. While the Allies aimed to distract Rommel and weaken his forces through covert operations, the general’s resilience and underestimation of opposition meant that Crusader would prove to be one of the most surprising battles of the war, embodying unpredictability and strategic deception that defined the North African theater.
Thanks for reading. Stay tuned for the upcoming detailed coverage of Operation Crusader itself.
#historyonleo AI feeding series continues. !summarize
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The Dawn of Operation Crusader: A Battle of False Starts and Hidden Strategies
The anticipation had reached its peak as the British Eighth Army prepared to launch Operation Crusader, a major offensive aimed at breaking the Axis grip on North Africa. The moment of truth had arrived: after months of meticulous planning, gathering intelligence, and operational preparation, the day of the attack was finally at hand. Yet, what began as a grand prelude swiftly unraveled into confusion, misjudgments, and unforeseen consequences—setting the stage for a complex and tumultuous campaign.
The Morale and Motivation Leading Up to the Battle
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On the eve of the offensive, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill addressed the troops with a stirring message, emphasizing their modern equipment, the historic significance of the battle, and the hope of striking a decisive blow. Despite their initial lackluster enthusiasm, the morale of the British and Empire forces soared. Over 100,000 men, supported by 600 tanks, with thousands of vehicles, began their southward march from Sidi Barrani, leaving behind the desolate Italian camps of the previous year.
The March and Early Troubles
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The logistical movement was ambitious but fraught with issues. Several units experienced chaos—vehicles overturned, equipment was damaged, and resources strained, notably with South African units facing unexpectedly high fuel consumption. The New Zealanders’ lengthy convoy stretched over 100 miles, with delays hampering their momentum. Meanwhile, on the German side, reconnaissance battalions under Oberstleutnant Wechmar and the Italian RECAM unit engaged in routine patrols along the Egyptian frontier, unaware of the larger impending British assault.
The First Thunderclaps: Surprise and Initial Advances
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Weather conditions challenged the advancing British forces, with thunderstorms and sandstorms grounding aircraft and creating mud. Nonetheless, British commanders Cunningham and Norrie maintained discipline and radio silence, ensuring they achieved complete surprise when the offensive launched at dawn on November 18, 1941.
The British armoured cars led the charge across the Frontier Wire, marching in a massive column meant to punch through enemy reconnaissance screens. Initially, everything seemed to go according to plan; the British spearhead crossed the Trigh el Abd, capturing key locations like Gabr Saleh, and encountered only minor opposition from Italian units. Their rapid advance suggested a straightforward victory was imminent, fueling optimism among the troops.
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The Italian and German Response: The Italian Resilience
However, the Italian Ariete Division, defending Gabr Saleh, proved more competent than the British anticipated. Their well-trained and well-equipped armoured formation fought fiercely, with several British tank battalions suffering heavy losses in a series of costly engagements. The British tanks, relying on aggressive cavalry-style charges, faced devastating anti-tank fire and prepared positions, revealing critical flaws in their doctrine—particularly the dangerous reliance on tanks without infantry or artillery support.
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The Italians lost approximately 34 tanks during the clashes, but their defenders inflicted enough damage to halt the British advance. The British, despite their numerical superiority, had lost about 25 tanks from an initial strength of 136, demonstrating that speed and enthusiasm could not overcome prepared anti-tank defenses.
The Strategic Missteps and Disorganized Planning
Meanwhile, the British leadership grappled with confusion. Originally, Operation Crusader was designed to provoke Axis reactions—drawing Rommel’s forces into a decisive engagement, allowing the British to destroy the panzer divisions and shift the momentum. Ironically, Rommel’s cautious yet decisive inaction inadvertently undermined this strategy.
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Rommel, freshly arrived from Rome, doubted the significance of the British attack. Interpreting the initial reports as a reconnaissance-in-force rather than a full-scale offensive, he dismissed intelligence suggesting large British formations. Convinced it was a diversion, Rommel refused to commit his panzers, opting instead to hold his ground and prepare for the planned attack on Tobruk.
This cautious stance left the British forces in a paradoxical situation—having achieved total surprise but being unsure whether the Italians and Germans would react. Cunningham and others were left in limbo, uncertain whether to press forward or regroup, as the lack of Axis response rendered their offensive largely ineffective and disjointed.
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The Critical Day Two: Reactive Movements and Escalating Engagements
On November 19, the British forces attempted to adapt to the new battlefield reality. There was a shift toward aggressive probing with the 7th Armoured Brigade pushing towards Tobruk, and other units seeking to engage Italian and German formations. However, British commanders began to realize their fundamental mistake: attacking without infantry or artillery support, solely relying on tanks, was strategically unsound.
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The Critical Day Two: Reactive Movements and Escalating Engagements
On November 19, the British forces attempted to adapt to the new battlefield reality. There was a shift toward aggressive probing with the 7th Armoured Brigade pushing towards Tobruk, and other units seeking to engage Italian and German formations. However, British commanders began to realize their fundamental mistake: attacking without infantry or artillery support, solely relying on tanks, was strategically unsound.
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A notable operation was the attack on the Italian Ariete Division at Bir el Gubi. While initial assaults showed promise, the Italians held their ground and mounted a counterattack supported by well-positioned anti-tank guns and artillery, inflicting heavy British losses. British tanks—outmatched and outgunned—suffered significant attrition, losing at least a fifth of their force, with some estimates reaching half.
This clash exposed a deeper flaw: British tanks, despite their reputation, lacked the combined-arms support crucial in desert warfare. Their doctrine, still influenced by pre-war models that emphasized tanks as invincible, proved outdated against coordinated Italian anti-tank defenses.
The Turning Point: Rommel’s Delayed Reaction and the Opening of the German Flank
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Despite initial German skepticism, reports of British advances reaching Sidi Rezegh, with units like the 7th Armoured Brigade and South African troops seizing the airfield, prompted Rommel to reconsider his stance. Finally, he authorized the 15th Panzer Division to respond, leading Kampfgruppe Stephan to confront the British forces near Gabr Saleh.
The ensuing confrontation was chaos-fueled; German forces outnumbered and outgunned, faced with the British flank. The battle confirmed the critical lesson: British forces lacked the coordinated support needed, allowing Rommel to deploy his panzers effectively, despite his initial hesitations. This shift marked the beginning of a series of German countermeasures that would test British resilience.
The Larger Picture and Implications
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Operation Crusader, in its early stages, was a story of missed opportunities, tactical naivety, and flawed assumptions. The British strategy depended heavily on the enemy reacting—a reaction that Rommel’s cautious approach ensured would be delayed and confused. The British pursuit of a rapid, unopposed breakthrough resulted in overextension, ineffective engagement, and significant tank losses, especially against Italian anti-tank defences.
Meanwhile, Italian and German forces demonstrated resilience and adaptability, challenging British preconceptions about their enemies' capabilities. The Italians, in particular, proved that well-trained and supported formations like Ariete could hold their ground, signaling that the campaign would be far harder than initially thought.
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Conclusion: The Lessons from the Beginning
By the end of Day Two, Operation Crusader’s initial advantage had dissolved into disorder. The British had surprised the Axis but failed to capitalize on their advantages due to tactical mistakes and overconfidence in their tanks. Rommel’s cautious inaction—initially perceived as a strategic failure—turned out to be a calculated delay that allowed deeper German preparation and positioning.
As the campaign progressed, the true nature of desert warfare—where combined arms and precise coordination mattered most—became clear. The early failures underlined the importance of doctrine, preparation, and understanding the enemy’s strength, lessons that would shape the battle’s outcome in the weeks to come.
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The first dominos had fallen—and the road ahead promised nothing but more turmoil, strategic surprises, and critical lessons in armored warfare.
AI feeding series sounds epic - loving how AI's gobbling up history to get smarter 🚀 what's the latest twist in this one
#historyonleo AI feeding series continues. (2nd attempt) !summarize
This video has already been summarized: https://inleo.io/threads/view/drax.leo/re-leothreads-st51s287
#historyonleo AI feeding about Operation Crusader continues. !summarize
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The Battle of Gabr Saleh and Sidi Rezegh: A Tangle of Misjudgments and Dynamism
Last week marked the beginning of a fierce armored confrontation in North Africa, but as the events unfolded, both sides found their assumptions and plans quickly unraveling amidst chaos, miscommunication, and strategic blunders.
The Initial British Advance and Early Successes
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The British forces launched an ambitious offensive aimed at capturing Gabr Saleh, a pivotal position in the desert campaign. Initially, their advance was robust, reaching the target area and establishing a foothold that seemed to threaten Rommel’s cautious front. Waiting patiently for the German reaction, the British forces anticipated a counterattack. However, Rommel — the German commander — chose not to respond immediately, leading the British to become vulnerable as they dispersed their units searching for the elusive enemy.
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This disjointed movement resulted in the First Battle of Bir el Gubi, with the British also seizing the opportunity to capture Sidi Rezegh airfield — a significant strategic victory in terms of air control and staging ground. Yet, the overall British plan started to falter as their forces became increasingly diluted and disorganized, leaving their front exposed to the disciplined German counterattacks.
Kampfgruppe Stephan’s Clash with the British
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One key German unit involved was Kampfgruppe Stephan, which moved into the battle area with anti-tank guns positioned behind. The British, notably the 8th Hussars, charged forward unexpectedly, pushing through the German formation. In response, the British swiftly turned to engage German tanks at very close range, exploiting their 37mm guns that, despite being inferior, could penetrate the German Panzers at such proximity.
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What ensued was a chaotic mêlée where tanks became entwined in near hand-to-hand combat amid smoke and dust that obscured visibility. German anti-tank guns and tanks fought valiantly but struggled against the dust and British machine guns' fire. An observer vividly described the frantic tank duels — guns swinging across smoke-filled battlefields, vehicles twisting and dodging in a cacophony of grinding treads and engines. The fierce firefight, lasting through the afternoon, saw neither side gaining definitive control.
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Later, reinforcements from the British 5th Battalion of the Royal Tank Regiment arrived from the south. Yet, as the daylight waned, German forces withdrew — bolstered by a support column that arrived from the rear for refueling and resupply. Unable to threaten British tanks effectively, German anti-tank defenses kept the British at bay, forcing a temporary stalemate.
Losses, Claims, and the Myth of Decisiveness
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The aftermath of this clash saw both sides claiming victory, but the assessments of tank losses varied sharply. German claims, such as Oberst Stephan’s report of 24 destroyed British tanks, turned out inflated — some tanks were recovered and returned to combat within 24 hours, meaning actual losses were significantly lower. The British estimated higher inflicted damage but also suffered substantial losses, with around 26 tanks damaged or destroyed, though many were later repaired.
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This discrepancy highlights a recurring theme of over-claiming in wartime, notably also seen on the Eastern Front with Soviet claims of tank kills versus German records, which often downplayed their own losses. Both sides overestimated their achievements in this chaotic melee, an issue that would complicate operational planning and morale.
Despite these conflicting reports, both commanders believed they had inflicted substantial damage, leading to overconfidence. The British, inspired by the perceived success, thought their light tanks matched German Panzers and anticipated a swift victory as their forces coalesced.
Strategic Movements and Miscalculations
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Meanwhile, British officers such as Gatehouse and Norrie misjudged the strategic landscape. The idea of concentrating forces at Gabr Saleh was abandoned in favor of dispersal, weakening the British armor's potential. Cunningham, the overall commander, was deceived by reports of victory and overconfidence in the durability and effectiveness of his tanks. His plans for a decisive armored clash were based on an illusion of concentrated strength that never materialized.
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As night fell, British forces withdrew from the battlefield, leaving Germans to recover damaged tanks. Crüwell’s Panther divisions believed they had routed the British, but the reality was more nuanced. Despite their nominal victory, the Germans had only damaged or destroyed a portion of British tanks, with many quickly repaired, and the overall strategic situation remained unresolved.
The Germans’ Tactical Shift and Rommel’s Strategic Intent
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German commander Erwin Rommel, seemingly restrained initially, finally began to react more decisively. His focus shifted towards protecting Tobruk, with Crüwell’s divisions given freer rein to encircle and destroy British armored units aiming to relieve the siege of Tobruk. Unaware that the British had dispersed their forces more than hoped, Crüwell launched a series of movements designed to isolate and annihilate British units at Sidi Azeiz and Gabr Saleh.
Rommel—a master of rapid maneuver—had initially wished to press an offensive on Tobruk but was persuaded to delay his plans. Crüwell’s initiative in moving divisions southward was an attempt to cut off the British forces from escape routes—an encirclement tactic typical of German operations in North Africa.
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The Climax: German Encirclement and the Coming Battle
As dawn approached on November 21, the Germans prepared for a decisive attack. Despite running out of fuel at crucial moments, the German divisions—15th and 21st Panzer—were pushed to pursue the battered British units. Crüwell’s divisions aimed to engage British forces at Sidi Rezegh, intent on destroying them in detail rather than in a decisive mass tank battle. This approach reflected the German preference for operational attrition, leveraging superior tactics, discipline, and combined arms to wear down the British.
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Meanwhile, British command oversight compromised their strategic coherence. Cunningham, misreading the situation, believed his forces could still achieve victory through regrouping and concentrated attack, despite their dispersed positions. Orders were issued to reinforce key points and prepare for a major armored engagement, but delays and miscommunications hurt British prospects. Notably, the British underestimated Rommel’s resolve and the Germans’ capacity for rapid maneuver following their perceived weakening.
The Bigger Picture and Impending Battle
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Rommel’s refusal to accept defeat and his aggressive move to destroy British armored formations set the stage for what would be one of the most unpredictable and intense armored clashes in military history. Despite initial assessments and overconfidence on both sides, the battlefield was poised for an extraordinary showdown.
As Rommel’s Panzers advanced towards the British positions, the earlier misjudgments, over-claims, and dispersion of British forces created a volatile and dangerous situation. The ultimate outcome of this engagement would hinge on a complex interplay of speed, reconnaissance, supply, and battle tactics.
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The upcoming confrontation promised to be unlike any other, with the British and Germans both believing they had the upper hand—yet both sides standing on the precipice of a battle that would challenge their perceptions and strategies to the limit.
Conclusion
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The battles near Gabr Saleh and Sidi Rezegh exemplify the chaos, misjudgments, and strategic risks characteristic of the North African desert war. Both British and German commanders overestimated their strengths, underestimated the enemy, and fell prey to flawed intelligence and overconfidence. The ensuing fight, marked by fierce tank duels, tactical missteps, and surges of maneuver warfare, would become one of the most notable episodes of the campaign—a testament to the brutal and unpredictable nature of armored warfare in the desert.
The next chapter in this saga promises an unprecedented clash, with the outcome still uncertain and the lessons of misjudgment echoing through the sands of North Africa.
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#historyonleo Operation Crusader AI feeding continues. !summarize
Part 1/12:
The Battle of Sidi Rezegh: A Tumultuous Day in the North African Campaign
The Battle of Sidi Rezegh during November 1941 marked a chaotic and pivotal moment in the North African desert war, revealing stark shortcomings in British command, strategic planning, and battlefield communication. The engagement, characterized by misjudgments, confusing troop movements, and unexpected German maneuvers, showcased how the Italian-German Axis forces managed to hold their ground against a seemingly overconfident Allied attack.
The Unraveling of the British Crusader Plan
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The British offensive, dubbed "Crusader," was initially aimed at breaking the Axis siege of Tobruk, but it quickly descended into disarray. Gott, commanding the 7th Armoured Brigade, was pushed toward Tobruk with the 4th Armoured Brigade caught under heavy German attack from the 15th Panzer Division. Meanwhile, the 4th Armoured Brigade suffered significant losses during a fierce confrontation with the Germans, and British command repeatedly misinterpreted battlefield signals, making premature and ill-informed decisions.
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A key turning point was the British command's misjudgment of German movements. Thanks in part to radio misinformation and the BBC's reports, Rommel was led to believe that the British forces were retreating — a misconception that delayed his decisive response. In reality, German forces, including the 15th and 21st Panzer Divisions, were converging on Sidi Rezegh with the intent to crush the British 7th Armoured Brigade and corresponding support units.
The German Counteroffensive: Encirclement and Shock
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As the German panzers advanced from Gabr Saleh and along the Trig Capuzzo, the British forces found themselves increasingly outmatched. The German divisions employed a well-coordinated attack, with the 15th Panzer Division pressing from the south and the 21st Panzer Division moving along the escarpment, aiming to encircle the British units.
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The British responded with valiant but often improvised resistance. The 7th Hussars were swiftly overwhelmed, and the remnants of the 7th Armoured Brigade, including Crusader tanks, were virtually wiped out — a devastating blow to British armor strength. Meanwhile, the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Tank Regiment, defending the key Sidi Rezegh airfield, fought fiercely but were outnumbered and outgunned, leading to heavy casualties and the eventual surrender of their commanding officer.
Amidst the chaos, British commanders on the ground, including Brigadier Campbell, took desperate and heroic measures. Campbell, a legendary figure, personally drove his unarmored staff car into the front lines, rallying battered units and inspiring renewed fighting spirit despite the mounting losses.
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The British Miscommunications and Strategic Failures
Throughout the day, communication failures plagued the British forces. Orders to reinforce or counterattack often arrived late or were misinterpreted. For example, Norrie’s reports suggested that German forces were retreating, leading to overconfidence in British strength. Conversely, other units, such as the New Zealand Division and 13th Corps, were delayed or withdrew prematurely due to miscommunications and poor situational awareness.
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British leaders mistakenly believed that substantial German tank losses had occurred, and that Rommel’s forces were significantly weakened. In reality, Rommel’s units, although battered and low on supplies, effectively contained the British offensive. The British assumption of victory was a classic case of the "illusion of victory," masking the precariousness of their position and the resilience of the Axis defenders.
The German Response: Consolidation and Strategic Withdrawal
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As the battle progressed late into the day, Rommel and his divisions coordinated a strategic withdrawal to secondary positions along the escarpment, intending to regroup and counterattack anew. Despite initial confusion, the Germans successfully pulled back, leaving the British with a battlefield strewn with wrecked tanks, abandoned guns, and disorganized units.
Rommel, aware of the overstretched and depleted British forces, prioritized tactical reorganization. He ordered the 15th Panzer Division to reposition eastward and prepared to counter any further British advances. The German forces, though fatigued and short on fuel, remained tactically coherent, readying themselves for subsequent engagements.
The Aftermath: Heavy Losses and a Costly Stalemate
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The aftermath of November 21st left the British with severe losses. The 7th Armoured Brigade was essentially decimated, with only a fraction of its tanks remaining operational. The 22nd Armoured Brigade fared slightly better but still suffered from attrition, while the famed 7th Hussars was wiped out entirely, marking the end of an era for that unit in North Africa.
Despite their retreat, the Germans had succeeded in halting the British breakout and reinforcing their hold over vital positions. The campaign revealed critical issues: British overconfidence, miscommunication, and underestimation of the German resolve. The British forces would need to regroup and reconsider their approach in the coming days.
Rommel’s Perspective and Continued Tensions
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While Rommel’s forces had achieved a tactical victory by stopping the British offensive, internal tensions flared. Rommel was dissatisfied with Crüwell’s perceived failure to transfer forces swiftly to relieve Tobruk, feeling that the German units had been effectively sandwiched and unable to maneuver freely. Rommel’s orders during the night reflected his intent to consolidate and prepare for future strikes — a hearkening to his classic strategy of quick, decisive moves.
Crüwell, meanwhile, initiated a cautious withdrawal, ordering divisions to regroup and avoid being encircled further. The German command recognized the critical importance of maintaining their frontier positions and the necessity of conserving fuel and ammunition for future battles.
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Conclusion: A Battle of Losses, Lessons, and the Long Road Ahead
The Battle of Sidi Rezegh exemplified the chaos inherent in desert warfare — where confusion, communication failure, and strategic misjudgments could turn the tide rapidly. The British learned the hard way that their armor was often vulnerable against well-positioned German panzers and that battlefield intelligence could be fatally flawed if not accurately gathered and processed swiftly.
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Rommel’s forces, though battered, maintained their hold, setting the stage for future operations. The cost to the British was heavy, with units decimated and morale tested, but the campaign was far from over. Subsequent days would see the Germans trying to consolidate their gains, setting the stage for the ongoing struggle to control North Africa.
The chaos, heroism, and systemic failures of November 21st encapsulate the brutal and unpredictable nature of armored warfare — a lesson in humility for all who witnessed it.
#historyonleo AI feeding continues (apparently, even when YouTube playback is disabled). !summarize
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The Turning Tides of Operation Crusader: A British Defeat and the Resilience of the Axis
The British Retreat and the Unfolding Disaster
On November 23, 1941, during the pivotal Battle of Tobruk, British forces faced a spiraling disaster in North Africa. Starting from the strategic Sidi Rezegh airfield, British tanks and troops engaged in a desperate fighting withdrawal under relentless pressure from Rommel’s advancing Panzer divisions. The Support Group maneuvered to the east flank, while the 22nd Armoured Brigade repositioned on the west, preparing for what seemed to be a doomed defense.
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Amid this chaos, the German 15th Panzer Division responded swiftly to calls for support from the 21st Panzer Division, abandoning initial encircling plans to drive directly towards the sound of the guns. This decision led them directly into the path of British armored units, including the hastily organized 4th Armoured Brigade. In a devastating turn, the Germans, led by Cramer’s 8th Panzer Regiment, launched a surprise attack on the British headquarters, capturing 267 prisoners, about 35 vehicles including tanks and guns, and critically, the entire communications network of 30 Corps.
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Unaware of this catastrophic loss, British Command under Cunningham remained in the dark for hours, progressively heading into a state of confusion and despair. Meanwhile, the widespread destruction of British tanks—reducing their armored strength from hundreds to a mere fraction—signaled a decisive blow. The British forces had suffered a significant setback, with shattered units, lost tanks, and a demoralized command structure.
The German Strategic Play and Rommel’s Encirclement Plan
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Rommel, believing he had achieved a major victory, viewed the previous day's engagements as a turning point. With 173 operational tanks—more than the British—he decided to capitalize on the momentum by executing a concentric encirclement, the classic Kesselschlacht tactic, against the remaining British forces.
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Rommel swiftly coordinated with Mussolini to consolidate Italian and German commands under his leadership, transferring the Ariete Division from Gambara’s corps into his command structure. His goal was to use both Panzer divisions to advance towards Bir el Gubi, trapping the 7th Armoured Division and destroying it in a hammer-and-anvil maneuver. The plan relied heavily on close cooperation between German and Italian units, with Rommel confident that the combined Axis forces could encircle and crush the British south of the frontier.
The Battle at Bir el Gubi and the Intelligence Breakthrough
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As the Axis prepared for the decisive attack, Allied forces under British command continued their fighting amid confusion. The 5th South African Brigade, positioned near Bir el Gubi, was relentlessly assaulted by the advancing Panzer divisions. In a fortunate accident, the British forces stumbled upon Crüwell’s Afrika Korps headquarters at Bir el Chleta, capturing its entire wireless and cipher staff, though Crüwell and his chief of staff narrowly escaped.
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This intelligence coup was invaluable, as it allowed the Allies to intercept and decode German communications, giving them insight into Rommel’s plans. Crüwell’s subsequent disagreement with Rommel’s orders led him to modify the original attack plan, opting to concentrate the entire panzer force into a massive, mobile punch aimed at smashing the South Africans and detaching the 7th Armoured Brigade from British control.
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Meanwhile, the British were reorganizing under intense command crises. At a critical midday conference, Allied commanders debated whether to withdraw or press ahead. The situation was dire: the 7th Armoured Brigade was nearly decimated, with only a handful of tanks remaining, and the victory at Tobruk was slipping away. Cunningham's mood darkened as he realized that the Germans still had the upper hand, with substantially more tanks and better positioning.
The Axis Counterattack: A Heavy, Costly Victory
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On the afternoon of November 23rd, Rommel’s assembled forces launched their main assault. Over 250 tanks, mainly Panzer and Italian M13/40s, sliced through the battered British positions, including the remnants of the South African Brigade. Despite fierce resistance, the outnumbered British and South African forces could do little to stop the momentum.
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A series of skirmishes and tactical maneuvers ensued, including notable actions like Major Robert Crisp’s engagement with German artillery, which temporarily halted German progress and freed some prisoners. The fighting was intense, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. The 5th South African Brigade was completely destroyed, losing over 3,300 men, most captured, and the 22nd Armoured Brigade was reduced to just 22 tanks from its original strength.
Meanwhile, the Axis forces pressed forward, reassembling their tank formations for a final push. The Germans attempted to exploit the captured territory, with Crüwell’s revised plan calling for a swift, mobile attack aimed at encircling higher-value targets like Tobruk itself.
The Collapse of British Defenses and the Command Crisis
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The relentless onslaught shattered British defenses, forcing them into a painful retreat. The British command's disorganization reached a climax as Cunningham, overwhelmed by losses and the apparent dominance of the Axis, contemplated the unthinkable—withdrawal and even the end of Operation Crusader.
Conflicting messages and internal disagreements led to a command crisis, with Cunningham’s staff attempting to prevent a hasty retreat by disconnecting their own telephone lines to avoid rogue orders. The British command was effectively split, paralyzed by indecision until even the arrival of Auchinleck, the commander-in-chief, was awaited for resolution.
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Throughout this chaos, the Germans continued their advance, linking up with the Italian Ariete Division. Crüwell’s forces prepared for their final assault, with the intention of crushing the remaining British units, despite heavy casualties on their side.
The Aftermath: A Pyrrhic Victory for the Axis
By nightfall on November 23rd, the battle was effectively over. The 5th South African Brigade was annihilated, with over 3,000 casualties, and the remnants of British armor were decimated. Although the Germans suffered significant losses—estimated at 60-70 tanks—the strategic outcome was bleak for the British. Their key units, including the 7th and 4th Armoured Brigades, had been nearly destroyed, and their strategic positions compromised.
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Rommel believed he had achieved victory, but it was a costly one. The German forces had paid dearly in tanks and infantry casualties, and the victory was, in many ways, pyrrhic. The British, though battered, still retained forces and morale to continue fighting, and the strategic picture was far from settled.
Reflection: Learning from the Defeat and the Road Ahead
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The events of November 23, 1941, marked a nadir for the British Eighth Army in North Africa. The failure to coordinate effective combined arms tactics, the loss of vital communications, and internal command disagreements revealed deep flaws in British military doctrine. The battle also underscored Rommel's cunning and aggressive tactics, but it exposed his reliance on poorly coordinated assaults and underestimating the resilience of his opponents.
Throughout the chaos, there was a sense that the British had lost their initial advantage—and perhaps the battle itself. Yet, as the narrative suggests, Rommel’s supposed victory might be more fragile than it appears. The coming days would test whether the Axis could capitalize further or if the British could regroup and turn the tide once more.
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Next time, we will delve deeper into the repercussions of this battle and explore whether the Axis victory at Tobruk was truly decisive or a temporary setback for the Allies. Stay tuned.
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@leostrategy has the issue with SURGE yield on Base been identified?
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