Vaccination has helped with the extinction of Rubella Disease.

Rubella is an ancient disease whose existence dates back to the 1700s, at that time, the clinical manifestations of the disease were described by two Physicians who were German, de Bergan(1752) and Orlow (1758). As at that time, it was considered to be one of the derivatives of measles, accompanied by the strong German influence, the name German measles became widely acceptable.
Rubella is gotten from the Latin word which means little red, it is caused by the rubella virus, which belongs to a member of the Rubivirus genus family. Rubella is a mild viral disease that affects mostly children and adults whose immune system is not strong. When rubella affects pregnant women, it can produce several birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome.

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Rubella has another name which is German measles, it is a viral infection that begins typically with malaise, low-grade fever, and lymphadenopathy, which is usually followed by a brief maculopapular rash. For adults who are not pregnant, rubella is a self-limited and benign infection, which is very active at the first 10 weeks of gestation and could lead to miscarriage and serious death, it could also result in a serious birth defect, collectively known as ''congenital rubella syndrome''.

When young children get rubella, it is characterized by mild illness, low-grade fever, sore throat, and rashes that begin with the face and spreads to other parts of the body. Older children and adults, there are experienced symptoms of headache, general discomfort, and pink eye even before the rash before to appear. Before the time of vaccination, high cases of rubella were seen in children within 5-9 years of age, occurring mostly in late winter and early spring, sporadic cases appear year-round in temperature climates, but when vaccination began to get widespread of vaccination in the United States, rubella has become very rare, with an occasional imported case from countries where rubella has been endemic.

Rubella affects both males and females sex, but rubella is more dominant in women than men, after the live virus was introduced again, outbreaks started to occur more amongst older adolescents and younger adults. Those who are under-vaccinated or unvaccinated and are traveling to endemic regions stand a high chance of contracting the virus. Only humans are affected by rubella, it is contracted from person-person virus through aerosolized particles from respiratory tract infection. The clinical diagnosis is highly difficult as the manifestation of the disease could either be mild or non-specific and as a result, doctors would rely on serological testing to confirm rubella.

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The rubella vaccine does not prevent rubella alone, but it also protects against three major diseases; rubella, mumps, and measles. The vaccine is so effective that a single dose of the vaccine can prevent rubella on a scale of 97%. The treatment of rubella in children who got the infection from their parents is often through non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that are initially used for fever, arthralgia, or arthritis. In pregnant women, the management depends highly on the gestation age at the beginning of the infection, if the infection happens before 18 weeks of gestation, the fetus is at high risk of infection and subsequent malformation. In children who have congenital rubella syndrome, it has to be symptomatic and organ-specific, requiring a multidisciplinary approach requiring pediatric, cardiac audiological, and neurodevelopmental evaluation.

There is a serious need to distinguish rubella from other infections, the incubation phase is usually 12-19 days, with most occurring within 15 days of exposure. The duration and severity of the illness are variable, and there is a rare complication, once there is an infection, the affected person begins to develop a long-life immunity to rubella. A fetal case of infection happens when the virus enters the placenta from the maternal bloodstream. Eye, heart, brain, and large arteries defects are common. The treatment available for rubella is highly supportive, and it is aimed at reducing how severe the symptoms are, in the case of fetal infection, it leads to congenital birth defects, the one that particularly affects the heart and may only be corrected through surgery. Parents need to be educated as well as counseled on the necessity of routine immunization in both infants and young children, the place of immunization should not be compromised, it is also beyond necessary to figure out and immunize all women who are currently of childbearing age.

However, passive immunization with immunoglobulin is not recommended for non-pregnant patients, there has to be a reasonable consideration for the administration of immunoglobin within 72 hours of exposure. In most countries, health insurance plans cover the cost of the vaccine, but be sure to check with your insurance provider before heading out to the hospital with that mindset, but if you live in Nigeria, you already know that such things do not practically work here, so it is best that you gently hold your cash or card as the case may be.

References.

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/7/10/e016824

https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccination.html

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559040/

https://www.britannica.com/science/adenovirus-infection

https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/CMR.13.4.571